John Marshall Court Cases

Marbury vs. Madison What was the case: Marbury was a soon-to-be appointed justice of the peace when Adam’s presidency came to an end, resulting in his successor, Thomas Jefferson denying credibility of the appointments because they were not completed during the time of Adam’s presidency. Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison, was asked to allow the commissions. Decision: The Supreme Court denied Marbury’s writ of mandamus and he was denied the commissions. Reasoning: Congress cannot expand the Supreme Court’s power past Article three, and the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus.Significance: The significance of this court case is that it affirmed the judicial review and helped make the judicial branch co-equal with the two other governmental branches. Fletcher vs. Peck What was the case: In Georgia, legislators were bribed to allow 30 million acres of land to be sold for less than two cents per acre. This scam was ca lled the Yazoo land scam. In purchasing land from Peck during the Yazoo land buying and selling in Georgia, Fletcher sued Peck for selling land against the 1796 act claiming the land was not yet constitutional impaired by an act in Georgia.Decision: The land was given a clear title to Fletcher and the act was unconstitutional. Reasoning: A law that deems a property unconstitutional established under a previous law is unconstitutional. Significance: This was the first time a state law had been overturned by the Supreme Court. McCulloch vs. Maryland What was the case: Maryland enacted a law that requires all banks without a charter from the state to pay a tax and they are prohibited to print money without stamped paper from the state.McCulloch, a cashier in a branch of the Second National Bank in Baltimore, did not pay the taxes, resulting in the suing of McCulloch by Maryland. McCulloch questioned the constitutionality of the act. Decision: McCulloch won. Reasoning: The Bank of the U nited States is permitted to establish a branch in any state, the state has no power. Significance: This case gave the United States government implied powers ontop of those listed in the constitution. Dartmouth College vs. WoodwardWhat is the case: The charter was to Dartmouth College by the King of England in 1769 and had specific purposes for its establishment. In 1816, New Hampshire’s state legislature passed a law changing the school from a private school to a public school. The school argued that the state did not have the right to do so. Decision: The verdict came as a win for Dartmouth College. The New Hampshire law was removed. Reasoning: The charter was between the King and the trustees so any American laws that would change such a charter would become invalid.Significance: The decision on the court case increased business investment and growth due to the security businesses have without the interference of the state on their charters. Gibbons vs. Ogden What was the case: Gibbons was granted permission from the federal government to operate steamboats between New Jersey and New York. Ogden was given permission by the state by being granted a monopoly to operate steamboats between New Jersey and New York. Ogden saw it unfair the special treatment Gibbons had over Ogden and he filed a lawsuit. Decision: The verdict came to be judgment for Gibbons.Reasoning: The Commerce Clause of Article one allows Gibbons to continue his trade in the trading waters. Significance: The decision on this case gave the federal government the ability to regulate commerce between states. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia What was the case: The Cherokee Nation brought this case to the Supreme Court against the state of Georgia in order to receive justice over the laws that destroy the Cherokee Nation as a separate political society and forbid them from the lands that they had set out for their Nation in treaties between the Nation and the United States government.Decision: T he Supreme Court denied the Cherokee Indians the request against the state of Georgia. The Cherokee Nation lacked jurisdiction for the case. Reasoning: The United States Supreme Court only deals with cases with â€Å"foreign nations† and the Indian nation was excluded from the foreign nations when this was determined. Significance: This case left the Cherokee Indian nation dependent on the United States. This case also led to the Trail of Tears which moved the Cherokee Indians and many more West where along the way, thousands lost their lives.Worcester vs. Georgia What was the case: After hearing about the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia case decision and reasoning, Samuel Worcester took Georgia to court again because he felt that the state had no authority to pass laws that go on in the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation which is a nation recognized by treaties signed by both the Indians and the United States. Decision: Worcester won, disregarding his conviction of living in the C herokee Nation without a state permit.Reasoning: The law passed by Georgia was unconstitutional and went against the treaties signed by both the Cherokee Nation and the United States government in agreement that the Nation would be politically independent and its own nation from the country around it. Significance: The ruling on this case made the Cherokee Nation recognized as a politically independent nation from the country that envelopes it. Part C Evidence from this lesson such as his fairness in his decisions in the Supreme Court cases and his respect from high officials from part A if this assignment, this statement is made true.John Marshall represents American law as a whole by his contributions to the laws and relationships between state government and federal government proven in the McCulloch v. Maryland case, for example. Also, his contributions to the â€Å"foreign nations† and our relationships with them such as the Cherokee Indians was strengthened and made his tory. John Marshall truly was the leader of American law and he would represent it proudly.

Avon Business Plan

Avon Business Plan Executive Summary Avon library is a technology driven business project that offers library services to the Avon community. However, it relies on old technology and the need to integrate new technologies comes with a host of benefits. Among them is real time information access and retrieval, access to various collections that can be accessed freely, a flexible system that can be used by different people of different age groups, and provides the important link between the community and the global community.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avon Business Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve that, the business plan outlines a number of objectives to achieve among them being to facilitate thinking and integration of the community to meet the standards of evolving communications technology. These are achieved through the company’s current workforces who are bound to increase with the increasing n eeds and expanded services. Various action plans have been outlined on achieving all these. Through the provision of these services, Avon intends to create a wide market for selling a wide variety of software products, data services, and other data processing services. This will be done under the leadership of well qualified personnel. Objectives One of the objectives of this business plan is to provide library development technology guidelines for the Avon community for the next five years. Another objective is to facilitate thinking in the line of technological needs of the Avon community, provide a budget driven framework planning for the next five years, and provide a basis for the integration of technology and the expansion of services provision for the community in addition to meeting the set standards for discount offers in telecommunications. Mission statement The Avon library will become a state of the art information hub for the community and be a model project that can be modeled elsewhere. The library will exploit modern internet library technologies for efficient and real time access to services. To achieve this, the library intends to provide the following service: A variety of collections and free and flexible access to these collections. Well informed and skilled staff Different library services which target a people of all ages Technology that serves as a link between individuals and the global community. Summary about the company’s current technology The company has networked 45 desktop computers and a laptop which constitutes 25 public workstation and 20 staff workstations spread within the community. The purpose of the 20 staff workstations is to provide services for placing queries online and other information related to library services. A T-1 line provides telecommunication connections for all members who subscribe to these library services. On the other hand, the library has its own website besides the intranet services it offe rs the residents of Avon. A log management system provides services for mapping events that happen within the community and access to the library system. In addition to all these, telephone services are provided by the mid- interstate telecommunications company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategic plan for expansion In the course of construction and expansion, various issues need to be addressed in the process. These issues include: Data transfer cable and network design and construction and an upgrade of the existing network cables. Deployment of wireless communication services in addition to wireless communication and telecommunication facilities. A well designed building that incorporates a security mechanism for tracking check -in and check-out activities. Upgrade of all wireless access points in addition to incorporation of new devices. Provisi on of print and photocopy services for public access and use. Provision of sufficient number of resources such as printers for an expanded library. A higher wage bill to be incorporated in the budget for newly expanded services. More check-out computers need to be incorporated. A library event registration system needs to be incorporated. The technology plan incorporates areas that could be influenced through the integration of technology into the library system. Such integration could see the system meet various goals identified and discussed below. Services to the public The goal is to reach a wider community in the usage of technology for accessing library services. The action plan includes taking the following steps: Establishing a framework for upgrading public computers and printers in an on-going basis An aggressive plan of upgrading the number of computers that can be accessed by the public. Install a check-in and check –out system for minors Investigate, evaluate, and install new and systems for network access. Install new presentation technologies to improve Get actively involved in IT meetings within the town Hire computer literate human resource persons Sponsor staff to various technology conferences that may be sponsored by various IT firms and Government agencies. Ensure participants have attended various IT workshops and viewed different IT vendor wares. Ensure at least each staff has attended an IT workshop at least once a year to keep abreast with the dynamic changes in the IT field Ensure staff are continuously updated and well trained in the use of relevant system applications and that they remain updated on new changes that come with those systems. Services offered through the network The goal is to maintain appropriate network infrastructure that provides real time services and to ensure the network provides prompt network connections once an individual has logged into the system. To achieve these, the following serves as the act ion plan for the business setting. Ensure appropriate budgetary allocations for technical support from different technology vendors Ensure a close cooperation with network consortiums to provide timely system and technology upgrades to keep with current changes in technologies. Provide an appropriate budget for hardware and software maintenance including telecommunication equipments and other software and hardware upgrades. Ensure system security software is updated frequently to provide up to date protection of the system hardware and software applications and user‘s files. Conduct a continuous assessment of technology needs in view of the mission statement and objectives of the business. Ensure telecommunication equipments remain upgraded and standardized and are compatible with different telecommunication technology upgrades. Evaluate the need for part time employees and hire them when necessary. Provision of wireless services The goal of the provision of wireless service s is to ensure the library integrates and enjoys the use of a wireless service to meet the digital communication needs for the community. To that end, the action plan entails the following. Ensure wireless devices are installed and those currently installed to and upgraded to meet the standard communication protocols, enabling these devices to be cross platform. Ensure and maintain active wireless access and communications Provide an incremental growth for wireless services to meet the needs of the library users. Telecommunication services The goal of these telecommunication services is to ensure real time communication services and improved data and information transfer rates.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avon Business Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An evaluation of the status of the current telecommunication system reveals that only three phone lines currently operational provide library acces s services. Action plan consists of the following. Engaging telecommunications vendors in providing new and up to date equipments. These vendors also ensure regular servicing and maintain ace services for their equipments Ensure a two ways wireless phone is installed for use with the staff. Developing the website and maintaining it The goal is to ensure the developed website is user friendly, accepts regular postings, is interactive, and provides real time access to dynamically changing information. The action plan will consist of the following. Continuous maintenance of the website Continuous update of the web contents Ensure staff is well trained on the usage of the website. Market Analysis Market segmentation The Avon business plan targets all people of all ages. It also targets other market segments. In addition to that, once people have perceived value in the service offered by Avon, the management will target the market for data processing service, software sales, installa tions, and maintenance with their well trained personnel. Finally, the company will target the provision of financial services in the e-commerce industry. However, the strengths and weaknesses of Avon will have to be evaluated to identify areas that require improvements. A thorough investigation and evaluation revealed that Avon’s weaknesses include poorly trained personnel, devices that are not portable or cross platform, and lack of wireless devices and limited telecommunication lines. However the strengths about Avon include customizable software without limited capabilities, and a system that can seamlessly interface with different software. In addition to that, the management is well trained and skilled on marketing management and other business practices.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management The management consists of qualified IT staff and well trained marketing and business executives. The CEO has an expertise of 25 years in the field of marketing. He has successfully implemented various IT projects at different companies with desirable results. The system development and implementation executive has well cultivated knowledge in different business environments. On the other hand, the finance manager has an MBA from one of the most prestigious universities and has won several awards for his excellent performance in steering companies from near financial collapse to financial success. The management staff is ready to work Avon to success. Finance Avon will earn its revenue from software installation services, computer hardware and software maintenance, training of other personnel from other companies, and data services. Library service will be used as a value addition service. Base on this revenue model, an extrapolation of capital expenses is illustrated bel ow. This is in addition to other expenses that may be incurred including operating costs. Computers Electronic equipments Telecommunications equipments $100,000 Office suite and other equipments $ 20,000 Utilities $5000 Floor space $50,000 Salary payments $750,000 Total costs $ 925,000 Evaluation A quarterly evaluation of the plan will be conducted to determine the degree of success in terms of system implementation in achieving the set business goals. Then the plan will be subjected to continuous evaluation and revisions to ensure it provides a guideline that keeps system implementation with the dynamic nature of business and technology.

Computer Componants essays

Computer Componants essays Floppy Disk Drive: A special drive that can read and copy onto a floppy disk. It can copy over and over on the same disk (the disk can be re-used). It was the first drive to be invented, which is why its called the @ drive. Processor: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of your PC. It is an electronic device- an integrated circuitboard (chip)- that contains millions of tiny electronic components to carry out basic arithmetic and control functions. The specifications of a CPU is defined in several ways: its speed (eg 1.7 GHz) defines the number of instructions it can process each second- 1.7 billion in this case. Monitor: Is just like a TV screen. It displays the content of your computer. The size of the monitor is shown in inches (eg 15). Tower: A special box where your CPU, Motherboard, and other components are located. The tower protects these components. Motherboard: Special board, in your computer, that all of your cards, ports, and processor chips are attached to. It serves as a transport system that connects and links all the components of your PC to each other. RAM: (Random Access Memory) is the most important component of your PC. Every time you start up your PC programs are loaded into the ram. It is from the RAM that most programs perform their functions and operate to give the user the required results. It also helps to make your programs run faster. ROM: (Read Only Memory) is a chip that stores all the important start up information of the computer. It can only be read. The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is stored in the ROM chips. Every time you start up your PC, information is accessed from the ROM chips. Operating System: Is a set of programs that controls all the hardware and software activities within a computer system. Windows 98 is an example of an operating system. Hard Drive: Special drive on your PC where files containing info ...

Prehistoric Saber-Toothed Cats

Prehistoric Saber-Toothed Cats Despite the way theyve been portrayed in movies, saber-toothed cats werent just big felines with enormous front teeth. The whole lifestyle of saber-toothed cats (and their close cousins, the scimitar-tooths, dirk-tooths and false saber tooths) revolved around using their canines to wound and kill prey, most often giant herbivorous mammals, but also early hominids and other big cats that are now extinct. Now we need to dispense with a couple of other misconceptions. First, the most famous prehistoric cat, Smilodon, is often referred to as the Saber-Toothed Tiger, but the word tiger actually refers to a specific, modern genus of big cat. More properly, Smilodon should be called a saber-toothed cat, just like its large-fanged contemporaries of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. And second, as so often happens in nature, the saber-tooth head plan evolved more than onceand not just in cats, as well see below. Saber-Toothed Cats - True or False? The first carnivores that could reasonably be described as saber-toothed were the nimravids, primitive, vaguely cat-like mammals that lived about 35 million years ago, during the late Eocene epoch. As closely related to early hyenas as they were also early cats, nimravids werent technically felines, but genera like Nimravus and Hoplophoneus (Greek for armed murderer) still boasted some impressive canines. For technical reasons (mostly involving the shapes of their inner ears), paleontologists refer to nimravids as false saber tooths, a distinction that makes less sense when you take a gander at the skull of Eusmilus. The two front canines of this leopard-sized nimravid were almost as long as its entire skull, but their thin, dagger-like structure places this carnivore firmly in the dirk-toothed cat family (dirk being the ancient Scottish word for dagger). Confusingly, even some primitive felines are categorized as false saber-tooths. A good example is the aptly named Dinofelis (terrible cat), whose somewhat short, blunt canines, though bigger than those of any large cat alive today, dont merit its inclusion in the true saber-tooth camp. Even so, Dinofelis was a continuing menace to other mammals of its time, including the early hominid Australopithecus (which may have figured on this cats dinner menu). Exclusion from the true saber-toothed cats makes more sense in the case of Thylacosmilus. This was a marsupial that raised its young in pouches, kangaroo-style, rather than a placental mammal-like its true saber-toothed cousins. Ironically, Thylacosmilus went extinct about two million years ago when its South American habitat was colonized by true saber-tooths migrating down from the North American plains. (A similar-sounding predatory mammal from Australia, Thylacoleo, wasnt technically a cat at all, but it was every bit as dangerous.) Smilodon and Homotherium - Kings of the Saber-Toothed Smilodon (and no, its Greek name has nothing to do with the word smile) is the creature that people have in mind when they say saber-toothed tiger. This long-fanged carnivore was shorter, stockier and heavier than a typical modern-day lion, and it owes its fame to the fact that thousands of Smilodon skeletons have been fished out of the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles (its no wonder that Hollywood has immortalized saber-toothed tigers in countless caveman flicks). Although Smilodon probably snacked on the occasional hominid, the bulk of its diet consisted of the large, slow herbivores crowding the plains of North and South America. Smilodon enjoyed a long time in the prehistoric sun, persisting from the Pliocene epoch to about 10,000 B.C., when early humans hunted the dwindling population to extinction (or, possibly, rendered Smilodon extinct by hunting its prey to extinction!). The only other prehistoric cat to match Smilodons success was Homotherium, which spread across wider swathes of territory (Eurasia and Africa, as well as North and South America) and was perhaps even more dangerous. Homotheriums canines were sleeker and sharper than those of Smilodon (which is why paleontologists call it a scimitar-toothed cat), and it had a hunched, hyena-like posture. (Homotherium may have resembled hyenas in another respect: theres evidence that it hunted in packs, a good strategy for bringing down multi-ton Woolly Mammoths.) The Lifestyles of Saber-Toothed Cats As mentioned above, the gigantic canines of saber-toothed cats (true, false, or marsupial) existed for more than strictly ornamental reasons. Whenever nature evolves a specific feature multiple times, you can be sure that it has a definite purposeso the convergent evolution of saber teeth in various types of carnivores points to a more functional explanation. Based on current research, it seems that the largest saber-toothed cats (such as Smilodon, Homotherium, and Thylocasmilus) pounced suddenly on their prey and dug in their canines - then withdrew to a safe distance as the unfortunate animal wandered in circles and bled to death. Some of the evidence for this behavior is strictly circumstantial (for example, paleontologists rarely find broken-off saber teeth, a hint that these canines were a crucial part of the cats armament). While some evidence is more direct - skeletons of various animals have been found bearing Smilodon or Homotherium-sized puncture wounds. Scientists have also found that Smilodon had unusually powerful arms - which it used to hold down wriggling prey, thus minimizing the possibility of breaking off those all-important saber teeth. Perhaps the most surprising fact about saber-toothed cats is that they werent exactly speed-demons. Whereas modern cheetahs can hit top speeds of 50 miles per hour or so (at least for short bursts), the relatively stubby, muscular legs and thick builds of the bigger saber-toothed cats indicates that they were opportunistic hunters, jumping on prey from the low branches of trees or executing short, daring leaps from the underbrush to dig in their deadly fangs.

Watching Erin Brockvich in Feminist viewpoint Essay

Watching Erin Brockvich in Feminist viewpoint - Essay Example The film Erin Brockovich is a moving, true story about a woman who overcomes hardships, including gender discrimination, to investigate a large corporate lawsuit. Her battle to present the case in the â€Å"man’s world† of a law firm is seen as an excellent step in the direction of feminism and empowered women. However, Erin Brockovich does not follow the guidelines of true feminism. In the film Brockovich displays an unfair advantage over her male counterparts that not only give her an upper-edge but also contradict the true meaning of feminism and gender equality. The best example in the film is Brockovich’s admittance into the county water board. The scene begins with Brockovich getting out of her car and walking toward the building. The shot cuts to the clerk inside who is frantically fixing his hair and straightening his clothes. He has an immediate attraction to Brockovich and her suggestive clothing. Brockovich enters the building, flashes a dazzling smile and begins to flirt and chat with the beaming clerk. She also makes a few comments that suggest she’s just a dumb girl who does not know or care at all about public records. Her hidden agenda is to gain access to public water records that might contain information on contaminated water. Ed Masry warned her that these records can be easily â€Å"lost† if the wrong people start asking for them. Her plan is to charm the clerk into letting her search the records alone. Most people would not be permitted full, unassisted access to a public records office.

Slip Sliding Away Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Slip Sliding Away - Assignment Example These issues are equally important because ethics underlies any kind of good behavior that the society may require. It is therefore equally important to consider teaching the students ethical behaviors before any other thing. 3. The instructors or the administration should ensure that the students are trained on how to engage in ethical behaviors. The instructors should train the students on steps to take if they want to be good. It will require participatory learning and application of personal examples. As such, the students should be encouraged to apply real-life examples or experiences as they try to learn the steps towards ethical behavior. The instructors and the administration are advised to stop assuming the problem and take action. There must be a need to inform the students of the seriousness of the problem and the schools must set guidelines on how the instructors should conduct exams. 1. The last two paragraphs in this essay form a successful conclusion of the writer’s argument. The writer started with introducing his argument by using relevant examples. He gave a long history of Haiti using relevant historical occurrences as the examples for his argument. Therefore, the writer has effectively used the technique of inference from relevant examples to build his argument. He introduces the nature of the problem he wants to discuss first and follows it with a long narration of these relevant examples in a clear and logical manner. The second last paragraph summarizes his argument as he brought it out in his examples. He restates his main point and argues it out in summary. This paragraph also gives an alternative solution to the Haiti, thus it becomes a very important part of the essay in that instead of just arguing against an idea, the writer also gives his point of view of what can be a better approach to Haiti’s problems.  

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Research Proposal - Essay Example There are various rationales for why a prison inmate harms the self, ranging from psychological disturbances to even attempts to manipulate the prison officers to elicit change to their incarceration circumstances. Self-harm is a phenomenon that occurs with both male and female prisoners, thus it is not a gender-specific problem within the prison system. Statistics indicate that female prisoners, in 2003, represented only six percent of the total prisoners incarcerated in the entire UK prison system, but female self-harm constituted 46 percent of all national reports of self-harm in the country (Borrill, Snow, Medlicott, Teers and Paton 2005). Self-harm in prisons is costly to the prison system, taxpayers, and the health care system for those that require psychological counselling and, oftentimes, recurring medical treatment for this activity. The severity of the problem justifies conducting a research study to analyse the catalysts of self-harm, especially with female inmates that represent nearly half of all national reports of self-harm. Prison officers and medical practitioners have multitudes of responsibility for ensuring prisoner safety, ensuring the integrity of the prison system, and providing health care services to a broader population. Self-harm recurrences and its prevalence in the UK add significant burdens to the health care system and for prison officers that must develop documentation of these events and provide supplementary mental health services to recognised problem prisoners. Examine socio-historical instances of negative lifestyle scenarios that might exist in female prisoners, including, but not limited to, previous childhood or spousal abuse, mental health conditions, or stunted cognitive/developmental growth during various phases of child and adolescent development. The broader purpose of the study is to identify and categorise, statistically, the most frequent and common catalysts of