Hays Views on Gatsby Essay

Hays, Peter L. â€Å"Oxymoron in The Great Gatsby.† Papers on Language & Literature 47.3 (2011): 318+. General OneFile. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. There are significant paradoxes throughout F. Scott Fitzgerald’s (life and) work frequently represented by oxymorons, of which Wolfsheim’s eating with â€Å"ferocious delicacy† (75) is only one of the most apparent and, as such, very possibly a clue to the paradoxes in the novel. Kirk Curnutt in a review of Fitzgerald’s short stories remarks that the titles Flappers and Philosophers and Taps at Reveille â€Å"are clever conceits whose effectiveness depends upon one’s fondness for oxymoron† (157). Keith Gandal, in a recent book, writes of â€Å"Gatsby’s famous doubleness †¦ as chivalrous lover and cold-blooded killer.† Gandal continues, though I am using his words for a different purpose than his: â€Å"His doubleness may have a mainstream enough historical correlative† (119 ).(1) One prominent instance of doubleness is evident in his approach to Daisy in the novel. Could a man who â€Å"knew women early†Ã¢â‚¬â€œI presume knew them in the Biblical sense–â€Å"and since they spoiled him he became contemptuous of them† (104), be so intimidated by Daisy, especially since he’s already slept with her (156)? Could someone so ruthless in both the army and business be so timid in dating? Gatsby is plainly not a sexual innocent afraid of sex, another nearly 40-year-old virgin. Far from it. He has had five years of tutelage under Dan Cody, sailing three times around the continent, having women rub champagne in his hair, and visiting the Barbary Coast (106-07), which Matthew J. Bruccoli glosses in his notes to the novel as San Francisco’s â€Å"honky tonk district† (213), plainly a euphemism. We don’t know what Gatsby did for the next five years (from Cody’s death in 1912 until America’s entrance into the war in 1917 [106]), but thereafter he rose through officer ranks to become a major in the army during World War I and then briefly attended Oxford. Are we to expect that he led a celibate life all those years except for his one brief affair with Daisy? There is, of course, a social gap between him and Daisy, and this causes him insecurity in approaching her and proposing that they start their life over. But he did date her before and successfully seduced her. And at Oxford he must have met women of a social status comparable to Daisy’s. In addition, he now foolishly believes that the money he has earned erases much of that social gap so that no one will think, as he tells Nick, that â€Å"I was just some nobody† (71), â€Å"some kind of cheap sharper† (145). He also believes, erroneously, that in social situations, as opposed to business ones, he must not do â€Å"anything out of the way† (84). That being the case, one has to wonder what he and Daisy do on their afternoons together at his house. Nevertheless, Fitzgerald has established him both as â€Å"a regular tough† (84), someone who looked like he had killed a man, and a very proper and timid individual on social and sexual matters, or as Fitzgerald himself phrases it, â€Å"an elegant †¦ roughneck† (53), another oxymoron. What constrains Gatsby is his extreme romanticism, his beli ef in the American myth that one, through hard work, can achieve anything, whether reliving the past or marrying Daisy in proper social splendor in Louisville so as to confirm his rise in American society (see the paraphrase of Poor Richard’s Almanac and Horatio Alger at the end of the novel). He wants nothing to tarnish his ideal of marrying Daisy in society, the perfect couple on top of the wedding cake, and he wants the social acceptance and respect denied him at St. Olaf College (105) and by the Sloanes and Buchanans of the world. What has happened, of course, is that following his seduction of Daisy and one special kiss, he â€Å"wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath †¦ and the incarnation was complete (117). The religious language, particularly for one raised as a Catholic, as Fitzgerald was, is telling. Daisy embodies the idea of perfection for Gatsby, an almost unapproachable ideal of social success and self-realization. Thus his Grail is â€Å"the unreality of reality† (105), another paradox, and as Tom attacks him in the suite of the Plaza Hotel, â€Å"only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away† (142). But there are other contradictions as well, such as the characterization of Wolfsheim as a sentimental crook (7 7), and Gatsby’s facial expression, â€Å"definitely unfamiliar and vaguely recognizable† (127). Throughout there is Gatsby’s real criminal corruption fronting his romantic â€Å"incorruptible dream† (162). Nick, too, has his doublenesses. Initially Nick’s father tells him that â€Å"all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages you’ve had† (5), presumably material advantages. But Nick interprets the statement to mean â€Å"a sense of fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth†(6), something very different, and a belief that qualifies Nick very much as a snob. Nick praises himself for honesty after writing the woman others believe him engaged to, because of his affair with Jordan Baker (63), but he doesn’t bother writing her two pages earlier while he’s conducting a relationship with a girl from the accounting division of his bank, incongruously named Probity Trust; the reason is obvious: the girl from accounting is clearly not from his social station and thus not marriageable, as Jordan is, and thus the putative fiancee need not be bothered by a mere summer romance while Nick takes his pleasure with the girl from New Jersey. Nick also assures Daisy and Jordan that the telephone call Tom receives from Wilson, after Wilson has discovered Myrtle’s infidelity, is â€Å"a bona fide deal† (122); the deal Tom has offered Wilson, however, is anything but in good faith: he has used the potential sale of the car as a way to approach Wilson’s garage to talk with Myrtle. His actions, car for woman, are repeated when he takes Gatsby’s car to drive to New York City in exchange for Daisy. And Nick describes Tom oxymoronically as a priggish libertine (137). We also have Fitzgerald’s assault through Tom Buchanan and Jordan Baker on the remnants of muscular Christianity and the Frank Merriwell novels he grew up with. The 20s were the era of Babe Ruth’s carousings and infidelities, missing games due to what sports writers reported euphemistically as stomach aches, due to the Babe’s prodigious eating, which they may have been, in conjunction with massive hangovers, or possibl y alcohol poisoning or even venereal disease.(2) His two daughters were born out of wedlock, not reported by the papers. Nor was Ty Cobb’s racism, not that most Americans at the time would have cared. Sports writers protected athletes to preserve the image of them as role models. The book jacket from a Frank Merriwell reprint says Frank’s â€Å"deeds will appeal to every boy and girl who strives for fair play and seeks to improve or to excel.† The inside copy calls the series of novels â€Å"Fascinating stories of athletics. †¦ They are extremely high in moral tone and cannot fail to be of immense benefit to every boy who reads them† (251).(3) Merriwell was an All-American football player at Yale, linking him to Tom Buchanan, who was a â€Å"national figure† at Yale (10), and who is not of high moral tone, cheating on his wife during their stay at Santa Barbara (82), in Chicago (139), and again on Long Island. But unlike the Merriwell book copy that calls the book beneficial only to boys, Fitzgerald is an equal-opportunity employer, allowing Jordan Baker to be bo th a sportswoman and an incorrigible liar and cheat at golf (62). Why write about national figures in sport only to tear them down? Why pepper the novel with paradoxes and oxymorons? Fitzgerald saw contradictions in the national psyche. Malcolm Cowley’s image of Fitzgerald as the man at a dance and also the poor boy outside with his nose pressed to the glass admiring and wondering how much everything cost is apropos (xv): Fitzgerald saw both sides and recorded both. His statement in The Crack Up that â€Å"the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in the mind at once, and still retain the ability to function† (69) speaks to his awareness of doublenesses and contradictions in America, and he strove to record them, even as one reality denied another dream. His awareness of his own self-contradictions–realistic romantic, spoiled priest–created a style incorporating contradictions. The country was changing in many ways. It was still ostensibly a Puritan nation, yet sex was everywhere. A production-mode economy was shifting to a consumer economy. The automobile had changed living, travel, dating, and business in the United States (subject of other books, not this paper), and Fitzgerald emphasizes this change with his frequent mention of cars–Nick’s, Tom’s, Gatsby’s several, Wilson’s–and â€Å"wayside garages [with] new red gas-pumps† (25). The middle classes were rising on the post-war prosperity that, until 1929, seemed as if it could not end. Nick is a bond salesman, and â€Å"Young Englishmen †¦ were all selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were †¦ agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced it was theirs for a few words in the right key† (46). Myrtle dreams of marrying Tom and improving her station, and Mr. McKee needs only an introduction to Tom’s East Egg friends to move up the social and financial ladder, figured by that Jacob’s ladder, the blocks of the sidewalk that â€Å"mounted to a secret place above the trees† (117). Fitzgerald’s allusion to Lothrop Stoddard by way of Tom points to the fervent eugenics movement of the day (208), and Tom fear’s that his aristocratic position is challenged by non-Nordic races and by nobodies from nowhere (137) is seconded by Mr. Sloane from East Egg who is â€Å"haughtily† determined that Gatsby should not attend his dinner party (109). And their fears have some justification, as the guest list from Gatsby’s party reveals, with its intermingling of old money and nouveaux riches, of elegant and coarse: Homeric Ulysses linked to common Swett, Southern nobility Stonewall Jackson married to Jewish Abrams, a menagerie of Civets, Hornbeams, Blackbucks, and Leeches together with such obvious immigrants as Mulready, Cohen, Da Fontano, and Rot-Gut Ferret, along with Belchers, Smirkes, and a Hip (66-67). The old established order, figured by Daisy’s and Jordan’s privileged white girlhood in segregated Louisville, is under assault, as indicated by the incursion into society of recent immigrants and by the Negroes driven by a white chauffeur (73). Gandal states that Gatsby’s officership was another such sign of change, promotion by meritocracy rather than by family or education alone. But these changes in reality were not accompanied by corresponding changes in the national myths. Athletes were heroes, reality be damned. African-Americans could hire white chauffeurs, but their opportunities, even in the non-segregated North, were limited, and they were still subject to prejudice, as Nick’s reaction to them makes clear. Despite our myth of a classless society, classes were still very distinct in 1925, as Fitzgerald knew all too well from his experience as a poor boy at Princeton and in his courtship of Ginevra King, (4) and as Nick points out in his distinction between West Egg and East Egg (9). Mr. Sloan and Tom Buchanan insist on their own social superiority to Gatsby, just as Nick does to Wolfsheim and to the girl from the accounting department of his bank. Even Daisy finally realizes the safety of staying â€Å"with her own kind,† those of her social class, however repellent her husband is. Despite our national myth of equal opportunity, it does not exist, as we know but Gatsby doesn’t. He thinks that he can do anything, even repeat the past (116). Not being a sports hero, like the aforementioned Babe Ruth or Ty Cobb (who retired wealthy with Coca Cola and GE stock), Gatsby’s opportunities for the quick cash to win Daisy are limited, so he turns to crime, as did many during Prohibition. Corruption was pandemic, from Al Capone to Teapot Dome, the sale of national oil reserves by the Secretary of the Interior. Fitzgerald mentions two so-called robber barons, men who built huge industries through monopolization, John D. Rockefeller (31) and James J. Hill (176) (whose mansion was up the street from the Fitzgeralds’ St. Paul home), men who â€Å"saw the opportunity† (78), just as Wolfsheim did in fixing th e World Series. The line between sharp business practice and criminal activity was thin and almost invisible then (and recently as well), as Fitzgerald has Gatsby imply when talking to Tom about Walter Chase (141), a friend of Tom’s who came to Gatsby looking for money. One day selling alcohol was legal; the next it wasn’t. One day monopolies were good business; then they were declared illegal. Getting a card from the pplice commissioner to fix traffic violations is simply a courtesy; fixing the World Series is criminal. Tom, Myrtle, Jay, and Daisy all commit adultery. Some students may think Tom and Myrtle’s affair is cheap and disgusting, Jay’s and Daisy’s romantic, but both are the same morally and legally, yet we still have the myth of family values preached to us, despite the behavior of our legislators. Nick feels himself morally superior to Tom’s infidelities, Jordan’s lies, to Wolfsheim’s and Gatsby’s criminal acts, yet he’s an accessory after the fact of murder, concealing vital evidence from the police. Myrtle’s sister Katherine lies at her sister’s inquest, a loyal act of perjury that Nick praises as showing a â€Å"surprising amount of character† (171). Lovely Daisy is a hit-and-run killer. Appearances are deceiving. The America that Fitzgerald portrays is riddled with corruption, yet we still maintain the myth of the city on the hill, â€Å"the green breast of the new world† (189), the beacon to the world for democracy and opportunity. I have difficulty crediting Gatsby as a coherent human being, but as a symbol of the elusive American dream, I find him perfect. He consummately embodies the contradictory qualities of this country, our saying one thing while doing another, our clinging to myths that have little basis in reality. As a well-behaved, socially conscious crook, he is a paradox, an oxymoron, and an exemplary American.

Policy issues affecting the police Essay

Just like any other department in the government, the police force is largely influenced by the policy issues that the government adopts. Be it new laws or strategies, they have to adjust their operations so as to fit what the policies dictate. The duty of the police is to maintain law and order and in doing this they have to incorporate policies set by the government. As it will be shown in this paper, these policy issues may affect the activities of the police force such that they may have to completely change their modes of operations to fit the government’s requirements. Many policies concerning police conduct, human rights and police duties are have been put forward in many forums and conferences addressing national security. Analysis Unlike in the past where the police had an absolute power, a police officer nowadays may find himself or herself being sued for violation of human rights such as police manhandling or assault (Freund, 2006; Meadows, 2000). There are several policies that have been put forward following revision of several laws which affect the police directly. Policy issues on human rights requiring specific procedures of arrest and handling of suspects have been made. The fourth amendment has limited police power especially with the private law that protects citizens from unwarranted searches and seizures. This means that before a police officer can search or seize private property, there must be a warrant which is given when the need to search premises is of great importance to protect security. Individual liberty and human rights protects citizens from false detention. The fourth amendment comes as a civil liability to the police officers which limits their activities since they have to pay attention to avoid breaking the law (Freund, 2006). This has affected the police in that it has limited their ability to obtain as much information as possible concerning a crime. Some officers have also found themselves in court over what can be referred to as assault during arrest. Perhaps one of the most current policy issues that has affected the police is the government’s anti-terrorism policy. A strong policy especially after the 9-11 attacks on the U. S brought out the importance of the need to heighten security to prevent such attacks from happening in future. The government aims at keeping the possibility of any terrorist attack which must involve the police (Pleck, 2004). The involvement of the police force in the war against terrorism has led to the need for more training on the police officers on incident management and terrorism intelligence. As the government noted, the police force was not well equipped to handle such severe incidents hence the need for training on incident management. Again, there the need to develop intelligence skills to counter any form of threats calls for proper training of the police. In order to ensure that the needs of this policy are met, the government has introduced special training schedules for the police which they have to attend to keep updating them on better skills and intelligence on avoiding terrorism attacks as well as how on how to deal with terrorism incidents if by any chance they occur (Pleck, 2004). Community policing is a policy issue that has come up as a result of the need for the community to take part in their own security through reporting any suspicious act to the police. This is because the community is at the best position to identify those that live among them (Palmiotto, 2000). The government requires that the police officers work hand in hand with the community so as to curb crime activities in the society. The effect of this on the police is that there has been need for training to help them be able to deal with the community and aid in identifying between potential danger and normal happenings (Palmiotto, 2000). The police have also been given the extra duty of training and educating members of the public on how to identify potential threats within the community and how they can deal with them in conjunction with the police. The community policing mostly focuses on vulnerable groups such as children and women who are likely to be victims of violence. Policy issues concerning rape have been put forward which has necessitated for trained specialists to handle rape calls as well as interaction between the police and medical practitioners to help in solving such cases (Palmiotto, 2000). The government advocates for advancement in technology for sustainable developments. As a matter of national security, there has been the rising need for the police to upgrade their technology so as to meet the ever increasing crime rates. Technology has been used by criminals to steal from numerous citizens and this has raised an issue of concern. Cyber crimes, phishing and identity theft have been on the rise. The problem with these kinds of crimes is that catching the perpetrators can be quite hard due to the advancement in technology that is used to conduct the crimes. Keeping up with these developments poses a challenge to the police who have to come up with more advanced methods to locate cyber thieves, hackers and identity thieves. More often than not, the police are subject to the laws of prosecution and provision for justice. Policies on the procedures of prosecution highly affect the police. For example, the police are bound by law to only file a prosecution when there is substantial evidence for the occurrence of the crime. Different policies exist for different kind of prosecutions. The juvenile justice for example has undergone many changes and new policies have come up following proceedings from various cases. Juveniles have a wide range of rights and detention of a juvenile can only be under serious suspicions of delinquency. Proof that is beyond reasonable doubt must also be established to ensure that the juvenile offender poses a threat to the community (Rick, 2003). Policies on juveniles also require that they be put under preventive detention according to the standards set by the law (Rick, 2003). This differentiates juvenile offenders from adult ones. The police therefore should pay attention to such details so as to be on the safe side of the law. It is also part of their duties to act according to the laws. Conclusion It is evident that the police’s activities are highly influenced by policy issues. The government which also determines the rules of a country constantly comes up with policies for national development. These policies may alter a department’s activities or increase its responsibilities depending on how the policy issue is to be tackled. It must also be noted that apart from government policies, each police department has its own policies which guide the officers (Miller, 1997). These include the code of ethics that must be followed by the respective officers. Rules on duties rosters, dress code and punishment for police misconduct within the department are strictly followed. Breaking of these laws may result in serious circumstances and hence the police officers must follow them to the letter. Word Count: 1179 References Freund, E. (2006). The Police Power, Public Policy and Constitutional Rights. New York: Callaghan & Company. Meadows, R. J. (2000). A Study of Police Misconduct and Litigation: Findings and Implications. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 41(2), 77-92. Miller, S. et al. (1997). Police ethics. London: Allen & Unwin, 1997. Palmiotto, M. (2000). Community policing: a policing strategy for the 21st century. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Pleck, E. (2004). Police in the fight against terrorism. American Journal of Police, 25(1), 38- 45. Rick, A. (2003). Juvenile Justice. New York: Odhams Press.

Aqa Exam

Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2012 Geography Unit 3 Contemporary Geographical Issues 1. 30 pm to 4. 00 pm Monday 30 January 2012 For this paper you must have: ? an AQA 12-page answer book. You may use a calculator. GEOG3 Time allowed ? 2 hours 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing. ? Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is GEOG3. ? Answer three options: one from each Section. In Section C, you must not answer the same option as those chosen in Sections A and B. ? Use sketch maps, diagrams and specific examples, where appropriate. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work that you do not want to be marked. ? Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 90. ? You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. ? ? Advice You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on each of Sections A and B and about 60 minutes on Section C. H/Jan12/GEOG3 GEOG3 Section A Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 1 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks 0 1 Study Figure 1 which shows the relationship between shaking intensity (measured by the Mercalli Scale) and different types of building structure. Describe and comment on the information provided. Figure 1 MERCALLI SCALE (7 marks) Type of building structure Adobe (baked mud and clay) Unreinforced masonry Reinforced masonry (non-seismic design) Steel framed buildings Reinforced masonry (seismic design) VI (Strong) VII (Very Strong) VIII (Destructive) IX (Ruinous) X (Disastrous) 8 22 50 100 100 3. 5 14 40 80 100 1. 5 5. 5 16 38 66 0. 4 2 7 20 40 0. 3 1. 5 5 13 25 Source: US Geological Survey The numbers are the percentages of buildings damaged or collapsed. 0 2 Outline the features of seismic waves. (8 marks) 0 3 Evaluate the management strategies adopted following one earthquake that you have (10 marks) studied. H/Jan12/GEOG3 3 Option 2 0 4 Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks Study Figure 2 which shows changes, compared with 1961 – 1990 averages, in temperature, sea level and northern hemisphere snow cover. This information came from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Describe and comment on the changes shown. Figure 2 (7 marks) 0. 5 Difference from 1961 – 1990 average temperature ( °C) (a) Global average surface temperature 0. 0 – 0. 5 (b) Global average sea level 50 Difference 0 from 1961 – 1990 – 50 average level – 100 (mm) – 150 (c) Northern hemisphere snow cover Difference from 1961 – 1990 average area (million km2) 4 0 –4 1850 1875 1900 1925 Year 1950 1975 2000 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Assessment Report 4 (2007) 5 Describe the possible effects of global warming on a tropical region that you have (8 marks) studied. Discuss the responses to global warming on an international scale. (10 marks) Turn over ? 0 6 H/Jan12/GEOG3 4 Option 3 Ecosystems: Change and Challenge Total for this option: 25 marks 0 7 Study Figure 3 which shows variations in plant and fly species in different grazing areas on Salisbury Plain, a grassland area in southern England. Much of this area is used by livestock farmers. Describe and comment on the variations shown. (7 marks) Figure 3 0 60 50 Number of species 40 30 20 10 0 Ungrazed Grazed by cattle over a long time Grazed by sheep over a long time Recently grazed by cattle Recently grazed by sheep Key Plant species Fly species Types of grazing Source: Topic Eye: Ecosystems and Biodiversity; publisher – Cross Academe Limited 0 8 Outline the characteristics of the temperate deciduous woodland biome. (8 marks) 0 9 Assess the extent to which one local scale ecological conservation area that you have (10 marks) studied has been successful. End of Section A H/Jan12/GEOG3 5 Section B Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 4 World Cities Total for this option: 25 marks 1 0 Study Figure 4, a photograph of a central urban area that has recently undergone redevelopment. Comment on the features of the area shown. (7 marks) Figure 4 Source:  © Cameron Dunn 1 1 Outline the process of counter-urbanisation and describe its effects. (8 marks) 1 2 Discuss the planning and management issues that have arisen in areas that have (10 marks) undergone urbanisation in recent years. Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 6 Option 5 Development and Globalisation Total for this option: 25 marks 3 Study Figure 5 which shows the estimated percentage of population by country that used the internet in 2009. Comment on the extent to which it supports the concept of the North/South divide. (7 marks) Figure 5 Key Estimated percentage of the population that used the internet 40 or more 30 – 39 20 – 29 10 – 19 Less than 10 Source: www. internetworld stats. com 1 4 Outline reasons for the growth of social and/or economic groupings of nations. (8 marks) 1 5 Discuss the consequences of groupings of nations. (10 marks) H/Jan12/GEOG3 7 Option 6 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges Total for this option: 25 marks 1 6 Study Figure 6 which shows the percentage of employed people living on less than US $1. 25 a day in each of 1997 and 2007 for selected regions. Comment on the information shown. (7 marks) Figure 6 Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia Oceania South-Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Western Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Northern Africa Developed regions Developing regions 0 10 20 30 % Source:  © United Nations 2009 – United Nations: Millennium Development Report 2009 Key 1997 2007 40 50 60 70 1 7 Suggest reasons for the existence of global poverty. (8 marks) 1 8 Discuss how poverty can be addressed on a global scale. (10 marks) End of Section B Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 8 Section C Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B. Note to Candidate You should bear in mind that the essay questions below are synoptic in nature. In your response to these questions you are required to show your knowledge and understanding of different aspects of geography, the connections between these different aspects and, where relevant, of human perspectives upon geographical themes and issues. Option 1 1 9 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? 40 marks) Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving (40 marks) storms? Ecosystems: Change and Challenge ‘The characteristics of the vegetation of tropical biomes are more the outcome of continued human activity than a response to the climatic conditions. â€⠄¢ With reference to one tropical biome, discuss the extent to which you agree with this (40 marks) view. Option 4 2 2 World Cities To what extent can urban areas be sustainable? (40 marks) Option 2 2 0 Option 3 2 1 Option 5 2 3 Development and Globalisation To what extent can development be sustainable? 40 marks) Option 6 2 4 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges With reference to a conflict over the use of a local resource that you have studied, discuss the extent to which all interest groups involved can be satisfied with its outcome. (40 marks) END OF QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Copyright  © 2012 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. H/Jan12/GEOG3

Academic and Design Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Academic and Design Communication - Essay Example   Designer- Client Relationship: In order to get the desired objective the designer and client need to work together and focus on a specific goal for the design and finished product. The business theme claiming that the â€Å"customer is always right† is applicable in this industry as well, and if the relationship between the client and designer is inappropriate it can cause many issues like delay of the entire project, high cost, and mental frustration for the entire design team, as well as for the client. There are many clients who usually do not appreciate the hard work conducted by an architect to meet the client’s desires and wants. Moreover, the client also expects from the architect that he will be the one handling the costs, time and also manage the quality issues, whereas the architect does not sell products but they sell services and expertise which is very rare. (Crawford, 2009) The communication and bond are uniquely formed in between the two parties. If m iss-communicated, this can cause the lack of ability to deliver what the client basically needs. If the details are wrongly misunderstood by the designers, then the result will be a disaster, freaking out both the parties. One of the entity needs to be very much proactive in order to have a better discernment of the agreed upon goals. The relation between the architect and the client is like any other relation; it requires a great deal of understanding as well as requires trust. Moreover the architect since is the expert in the field, therefore he should be competent enough to grasp the idea that is hidden in clients mind, and for this purpose the architect must play a proactive role so that he can develop a strong bondage in between, which will eventually deliver desired results (Crawford, 2009). Improvement of relationship: The first and the foremost rule for any business belonging to any industry is to have open and honest communication with suppliers, vendors or the clients, by this the client is able to trust the designer. With effective communication, the probability of errors is reduced; hence the misunderstanding between the client and designer is also minimized. (Misra, 2002) The second most important element in any relationship is the trust, the architect needs to gain the trust of clients so that they can rely on the architect’s design and judgment, and by this the designer will be able to design freely and also make a more attractive product for the client. Other more important factors in this relationship are time schedules and commitment.  Ã‚  

Word Cinema and Global media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Word Cinema and Global media - Essay Example Most of these foreign films are from Hollywood but there are some other regional variations as well. Overall the Egyptian film industry has had a large and dominating role to play in the regional film industry even though it has had to see ups and downs. This paper will attempt to analyze the various contours of production, distribution and exhibition of Egyptian and foreign films within the Egyptian cinematic domains. A brief history of the Egyptian cinematic tradition will be traced first so that the current standing is reflected more clearly. Egyptian cinema has had a long tradition that is comparable to other Third World cinematic traditions such as those in India, Brazil and Mexico. Silent films were already being made in Egypt around 1896 though these were not full length feature films. Egyptian cinema was prolific from the start especially after the introduction of sound to films. It is estimated that only between 1930 and 1936 the Egyptian film industry was able to contribute some forty films that were produced by small production studios (Darwish, 1998). The rise of Egyptian cinema in its earliest years led to its early independence during the colonization period. The subsequent independence of Egyptian cinema made it appear as a threat to the colonists such as the French in neighboring Morocco. The extent of the trouble was such that the French established a new department of African problems that was solely responsible for creating production in Morocco to counter the influence of Egyptian cinema. Following independence in the wake of the Second World War and the subsequent revolution in 1952, the Egyptian cinematic tradition assumed political dimensions. Film producers, directors and critics alike shared a common zeal to inject political problems into the cinema to make people more aware (Schochat, 1983). The prolific decades of the

Long-Term Relationship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Long-Term Relationship - Research Paper Example Performance based payments are preferred government financing method when the CEO if a company finds them to be practical and the contractor agrees them to their use. Performance based payments are contract financing payments which are not payments for accepted items. They are fully recoverable in the same manner as progress payments in case of default. It is not used in case of payments under cots-reimbursement line items when the contracts are assigned for progress payments based on a completion percentage and for those contracts which are awarded through advanced procedure of sealed-bid. Performance based payments are made on either a whole contract or a deliverable item basis unless it is prescribed by agency regulations. Financing payments which are made on a whole contract are applicable to the entire contract and not to specific deliverable items. Since the business can take the idea and form concept phase to full implementation phase then Performance based payments can help t he company is achieving good returns for the company. The quality of the work will improve since on the basis of delivery of goods, monies will be paid to them. Thus indirectly the performance of the business will improve as they will try to deliver the best results which they can. Advance payments are least preferred method of contract financing and should be used sparingly if at all. Other types of financing should be available to the contractor in adequate amounts. But credit and loans at excessive interest rates or other exorbitant charges are not considered reasonable available financing. Such type of financing is considered to be useful and appropriate in the cases where Contracts are solely for the management and operation of government-owned plants. It is used in contracts for research, experimental or development work with nonprofit education or research institutions. It is useful

The Impact of Globalization on Labour Markets with a Focus on the Gulf Dissertation

The Impact of Globalization on Labour Markets with a Focus on the Gulf Area - Dissertation Example Presentation and Analysis of Data---------------------------------------------p.39 6. Scope and Limitations-------------------------------------------------------------p.57 7. Summary and Conclusions------------------------------------------------------p.58 "The impact of globalization on labour markets with a focus on the Gulf area including Saudi Arabia" Introduction Statement of the problem Labour is an important component of the economic fabric of a society, the other major components being, capital, market, and the state that monitors them (Jessop, 2002, p.11). Jessop (2002) has also come forward to remind the crucial fact that there are also â€Å"non-market mechanisms of various kind† that have a role to play in the inter-relationships between these four components. And any study of any of the components involved has been becoming more complex in the context of globalization. This is so because globalisation is politically, socially, economically and culturally redrawin g national boundaries. Jessop (2002) has described the basic cause of the complexity of globalisation as a social phenomenon in the following lines: â€Å"As capital accumulation expands on an increasingly global scale, its dynamics become more ecologically dominant in shaping the overall evolution of social systems and the life world† (p.11). ... Topics which have an integral connection with labour but neglected until then, came to the fore after the formation of ILO. This also necessitated a new legal framework to be built as well. Such topics include: Fundamental rights (freedom of association, collective bargaining, equality in employment), conditions of work, child labour, protection of women workers, hours of work, labour inspection, vocational guidance and training, social security protection and occupational health and safety (Craig and Lynk, 2006, p.19). From the above discussion, it can be seen that labour, which is a social system by itself, also will not go unaffected by its environment. And labour being a crucial component of the economy, it will need to have a close encounter with globalisation, which is mostly the globalisation of the economy. According to International Labour Organisation, two major concerns in connection with labour and globalisation have now arisen-how mobility imparted by globalisation affec ts labour across national boundaries, and â€Å"whether existing labour institutions would be sufficient to safeguard ...[the]...fundamental rights† of the trans-national migrant labourers (qtd. In Stalker, 2000, p.11 of the foreword). The practical way to address these two concerns is by reforming labour laws and this process has been going on by taking the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, which was â€Å"promulgated† in 1998 (Craig and Lynk, 2006, p.19). Some interesting questions in this context can be, is labour making use of new communication technologies to consolidate itself internationally, is domestic and international labour laws really being

Orporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orporate finance - Essay Example They also relaxed the stationarity assumptions of the random walk model. Fama (1970) continued the formalisation of the notion of "efficiency" in economic terms. He defined an efficient market as one "in which prices always 'fully reflect' available information". He also stated the conditions that would suffice for efficiency: "(i) there are no transactions costs in trading securities, (ii) all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and (iii) all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security." Though adopting a statistical viewpoint, Fama (1970) differentiated information as "weak", "semi-strong" and "strong" forms. Later on, Rubinstein (1975), Beja (1976), Beaver (1981), and Latham (1986) adopted the framework of information economics where the definition is expressed in terms of the actions of individuals, as opposed to the actions of the market as defined by Fama (1970). Specifically, according to Beaver (1981): "A securities market is efficient with respect to a signal yt if and only if the configuration of security prices {Pjt} is the same as it would be in an otherwise identical economy (i.e. with an identical configuration of preferences and endowments) except that every individual receives yt as well as [that individual's own information]." Ray Ball (1994, p. 12-13) has a few criticisms of this school of thought. First, he argues that security prices in the "otherwise identical world" are ultimately priced using CAPM, which is implied by Fama's (1976) model. Secondly, he critiques that this model has confused properties of market with properties of information. Grossman (1976), Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) and Jordan (1983) associated "efficiency" with incentives to produce information. ACCOMPLISHMENTS First, the theory of stock market efficiency has developed prevalent respect for markets. Empirical evidence pointed to the efficiency of the stock markets, changing academic and even non-academic attitudes from suspicion to respect. Furthermore, the pioneer work on "efficiency" coincided with the surge in interest in and respect for markets in general among economists, and subsequently among politicians. The pioneer empirical work thus assumed importance and attracted interest beyond its direct impacts on stock markets. It led the global trend toward liberalising financial and other markets. The theory of stock market efficiency has also changed perceptions about how stock markets work. Before FFJR (1969)'s work, market reaction to information is viewed from a single point in chronological time to broad

History music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History music - Essay Example None of the audience expressed concern or disgust over this sudden technical catastrophe as within that deemed darkness â€Å"Brother† and â€Å"Albannach† two of the much celebrated bands started blazing their acoustic guitars to keep the crowed entertained and that worked at its optimum level. Soon the light came back and the Seven Nations by that time started to set the stage on fire. In its earlier days when Kirk McLeod and Neil Anderson initiated the band, Seven Nations gained substantial popularity and interest among its audience. However it seemed that they have lost their way afterwards, though in this concert the band seemed rejuvenated with the inclusion of Victor Gagnon who gave an inspired performance with his fiddle. The performance that came out of the Seven Nations was a mix of old and new scores. When Seven Nations was refreshing my memories, I was missing Neil Anderson who was the co founder of the band, yet no longer associated with it. However he was not far away, his new band Rathkeltair was performing on the immediate second stage. Neil as all know is an immensely talented music performer who steals all the attention when he is on the stage. However, his performance in his new band Rathkeltair marked the re birth of a new Neil who knows how to blend with his associate musicians. Again the maestro gave his master stroke when he used his pipes to insert his whistles at the right places that only he is capable of. Those whistles gave a strange essence to the entire musical ambience and rescued the band from being reckoned as any other band of our genre. Through out the performance Neil was like a musician who believes in team work yet who knows when to lead. Again the visual impact that Neil left on the audience by playing two instruments simultaneously was a joy for ears as well as eyes. After a brief pause Albannach occupied the main stage and that for good reason and outcome. This is a pure rock band and comprised of pipe and drums. Jamesie and Jacquie at bass drums, Colin at snare and drum kit, Aya at bodhran and tambourine and Donnie with his bagpiper gave us a musical treat. The wild and erratic energy that the band filled the room with goes well with their tattoos. Sometimes it seemed that some of them might fall of the stage as they were shaking vigorously while playing their drums. The occasional long and lone snares that Colin was leaving through his hands mesmerized the audience and make them question themselves that whether his drum sticks are really attached with his fingers. Albannach all over kept the hall rocking and dancing and the entrapped energy of the audience occasionally came out with gigantic roars that might risk ones ear drums or even might led to cardiac arrest for the faint hearted. The two stages side by side and challenging each other in every step almost turned the audience into a tennis ball. After finishing with Albannach, the crowed headed to the second stage to witness the performance of Annalivia. The four performers of the group with the absence of Stuart Kenney who plays bass and banjo were bit quite comparing the previous performances yet even they reflected substantial talent through their music. Vocalist and Guitarist Liz Simmons, Brendan Carey and Emerald Rae on fiddle and the later one also on vocal and vocalist and guitarist Flynn Cohen presented a polished performance with folk flavour. Before the audience can finish with the band they have to rush back to the main stage to witness Paul McKenna band

William Faulkner’s Life and Writings Essay Example for Free

William Faulkner’s Life and Writings Essay William Faulkner is one of the great American writers of the 20th century. He has written several highly-acclaimed novels, short stories and poems and was among the pioneers who revolutionized storytelling through the use of the stream of consciousness technique, something not common during the time. His works are considered brilliant and remain to be among the required studies for literature in colleges and universities in the United States as well as other English speaking countries. Faulkner’s literary accolades are numerous. He won two Pulitzer Prizes for his 1954 novel A Fable, which received the Pulitzer a year later, and for his 1962 novel, The Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963. In 1949, or three years before his first Pulitzer, Faulkner received the Nobel Prize for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. But the journey to literary success was never â€Å"a walk in the clouds†, or so to speak, for William Faulkner who struggled to get recognition for his earlier works. His first book, a collection of poems entitled The Marble Faun, published in 1924 did not immediately hit the mark as it barely got any serious attention from readers. It is also said that it was during this time that William Faulkner decided to change the original spelling of his family name to make it â€Å"sound more British† for the publication of his first book. His real family name came from an old Customer’s last name 2 Southern family named Falkner from New Albany, Mississippi where the novelist was born on September 25, 1897, as the eldest of four sons. But Faulkner spent most of his life at the nearby town of Oxford, Mississippi where his family moved when he was barely five years old. Much of his inspirations for his work were drawn from his personal experiences. And his views were tangible in many of his writings especially those that probe the prejudices of his own region, the deep South. Faulkner started writing novels on 7th Grade at about the same time he lost interest in school after he found the classes boring. His first themes were romance inspired by her childhood sweetheart and later wife, Estelle Oldham. Faulkner remained married to her until his death in July 6, 1962 but his family seems to come only second to his writing, which he puts at the center of his life. In an interview for Writer’s at Work: The Paris Review Interview in 1959, Faulkner described how important his writings to him. He remarked: The writers only responsibility is to his art. He will be completely ruthless if he is a good one. He has a dream. It anguishes him so much he must get rid of it. He has no peace until then. Everything goes by the board: honor, pride, decency, security, happiness, all, to get the book written. If a writer has to rob his mother, he will not hesitate; the Ode on a Grecian Urn is worth any number of old ladies. (Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews, 1959) Faulkner’s statement in that interview glared what was already apparent and clear all along to his family, friends, and the people who work closely with the reclusive writer. When Faulkner released his third novel, Sartoris (Flags in the Dust), in 1929, he used his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, himself a colonel in the American Civil War, as the Customer’s last name 3 model for Colonel John Sartoris. The novel deals with the decay of an aristocratic Southern family following the social upheaval of the American Civil War. This novel is a good example of how the novelist’s life is reflected on his writings. It shows that Faulkner was influenced by the history of his family and the region in which they lived. A critical examination of Faulkner’s masterpieces such as The Sound and the Fury, As I lay Dying, Absalom, Absalom! and A Rose for Emily will reveal that his main focus, as a writer, is to explore and expose the deterioration of values in his own region. Faulkner wrote with such sensitivity of the moral degradation he has witnessed. In the sense, Faulkner is a historian who provided an overcast view of a segment of America during a tumultuous period that demanded radical social change. And albeit his works were fictions, it mirrored the horrendous realities of a society diminishing in its traditional values and unable to embrace the dawn of modern realities. Most of Faulkner’s stories were set in Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional place after his own Lafayete County. The town of Jefferson is within Yoknapatawpha County and is the equivalent of Oxford, the novelist’s hometown. While the setting may not be original, it was easy for Faulkner to provide a vivid description of his settings and characters he based from non-fictions or from something he has intimate knowledge on. Aside from Faulkner’s hometown being modeled for the fictional setting in his writings, it was suggested that some characters from his works were inspired by real people and biblical characters like the 19th century politician Jacob Thomson for the character of Jason Compson III from his The Sound and the Fury novel and the character of Benjamin Compson from the same novel which is said to symbolize a Christ-figure while in his Pulitzer winner novel, A Fable, his main character Corporal Zsettslani Customer’s last name 4 is representative of Jesus. This method made it easy for Faulkner to personalize the characters in his stories. Faulkner’s strong sense of moral and social responsibility is also very much visible in his works. He often deals with the transgression of the Southern whites against the Black with tragic bluntness to denigrate a blatant social aberrant. In a way, Faulkner was the greatest admirer and critic of the Southern life and history. He absorbed the sordid and brilliant, blithe and painful history of the South and transposed it into soul poetry. Moreover, Faulkner also tried to advocate, albeit tacitly, for the preservation of culture and the environment in his writings. In his 1942 novel, The Bear, Faulkner lamented the encroachment of civilization into the natural world. The novel is a tale of initiation into the adult world set against a backdrop of a yearly hunting expedition of Old Ben, a bear believed to be last of its kind in Mississippi woods. The narrative is also about the young Ike McCaslin coming to know both the woods and himself through the help of an old Chickasaw who is symbolically named Sam Fathers (Castor 37). In Faulkner’s narrative, the death of Sam Fathers is symbolically linked to the death of the bear and the wilderness (Castor 38). To Faulkner, the economic conquest of the southern landscape was inextricably linked, not only to the conquest of blacks and women through the legacy of slavery, but also to the conquest of Indian cultures as represented by Sam Fathers. (Castor 39) The Bear was written by Faulkner at the time when there is a tremendous environmental upheaval in Mississippi and the South. There was massive deforestation activity and thousands of acres of land are being cleared for timber. The setting, the plot, and the character in The Bear Customer’s last name 5 reflect an historical development and Faulkner was able to relate his sentiments with what is happening in his writings. Faulkner was a brilliant writer who examines his environment and reflects on his life experiences for inspirations in his writings. Much of the plot and the theme of his novels were based on his hindsight on the degeneration of the values of the Sought. Through his tragic stories, Faulkner was able to depict â€Å"the effect of the dissolution of the traditional values and authority on all levels of Southern society†. His novels were rich of his views, sentiments, experiences and personal convictions. He was never very famous as a writer for most part of his life but he has dedicated his life to this profession. He was a reclusive and a taciturn writer who found comfort in his solitude. But in his writings, he spoke volumes and his voice holds a resonating sound for many more generations to hear. He was a legend in the world of literature and his stories are immortalize by its unforgettable characters, unbelievable and challenging stories and the unique manner these stories were told that continues to captivate millions of followers. Faulkner told many great stories but along with it, he told the story of his life too. The challenge is to continue to unravel the mystery and discover how of much his own story was told in his many great masterpieces. Customer’s last name 6 Works cited Nobelprize. org. William Faulkner Biography. Retrieved December 21, 2007 frm http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/faulkner-bio. html Reference. com. William Faulkner. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. reference. com/search? q=william%20faulkner Castor, L. Hunting History and Myth in Linda Hogan’s Power and William Faulkner’s The Bear. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. hum. uit. no/nordlit/12/03_Castor. pdf William Faulkner on the Web. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. mcsr. olemiss. edu/~egjbp/faulkner/faulkner. html

Trying Out Life Without A Television English Language Essay

Trying Out Life Without A Television English Language Essay The Adult Literacy Survey recently concluded that watching more than two hours of TV a day is harmful and holds children back. So what would happen if there were no televisions? No sport, no American Idol, no Days of Our Lives, no National Geographic, no BET, MTV or, (gulp) Spongebob? To find out, three of our reporters volunteered to turn the box off for a week. How did they cope, what did they do instead and did one of them really end up sewing a hem on a pair of trousers like one of the Ingalls girls on Little House on the Prairie? In our special feature, we also drop in on a family of two parents and six children who havent had a TV in the house for six months. The kids say its been torture but mom and dad say the children have come alive since its been gone. We also took to the streets to find out how much time islanders spend in front of the TV. Like most things, at the end of the day its a question of balance. Do you have it right? I was in denial about TV?habit By James Whittaker The hip hop group Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy once described television as the drug of the nation. But Id always considered myself as more of a casual user than an addict. Sure I was not immune to the hypnotic pull of the tube, but as far as I was concerned it was under control. Asked how much I watched a week, Id probably say five or six hours, if that. More, I suppose, if you count sports. Movies count too? Okay, maybe a few hours more. What about documentaries, surely thats just interactive learning? No? A couple more hours then. In the words of George W. Bush, I guess I mis-underestimated myself. When I actually added up the number of hours Id sat watching TV the previous week it was more than double what I thought it would be. I was well inside the two-hours-a-night category that the Bermuda Adult Literacy Survey classifies as the danger zone. A fair portion of that time was spent flicking between channels looking for something decent. Another chunk was spent criticizing the banality of what American mainstream channels consider comedy (somehow it never occurred to me to flick the off switch). And then the rest was spent on what I considered more worthy televisual pursuits like the English Premier League or David Attenboroughs Planet Earth. I still stand by the belief that television and literacy are not mutually exclusive. But when asked to recall a useful lesson Id learnt from TV, Dont mess with lions or sharks was about the best I could come up with. Worse still was the realization that a possibly vital part of my brains storage system would forever be assigned details about a nasty little growth hormone called Relacor which means unsightly belly fat is not my fault. The subliminal power of advertising had its hooks firmly in. Clearly, it was time for a change. The best way I found to curb the cravings during my week of abstinence was to stay out of the house. I went to a jazz concert on the Monday night, played in a squash tournament on two separate nights, went for the odd run and genuinely didnt miss television all that much. When I was home I had the benefit of a couple of good books and an online chess game to satisfy my entertainment demands. With no default selection, the question of what shall we do tonight? was always a challenge, but the answer was invariably more interesting than MTV. With the experiment over, I still watch my fair share of television. Id probably have to remove it from the house to avoid it completely. But Im at least a little more conscious not to watch, just because it is there. Maybe next time someone asks how much I watch Ill be able to say five or six hours a week and it might even be the truth. I hand-wrote a letter and did some sewing! By Sirkka Huish Think about all those important jobs you never get around to doing. Well, theres a way to get them crossed off the list and even enjoy the process give up TV for a week. Its a simple way to find more hours in the day, but you might find yourself doing some bizarre things. Typically, I get home from work and chill out in front of the box for a couple of hours. Now I faced going cold turkey for seven days 168 hours! All of a sudden I had to fill my time with more meaningful activities; I was forced to get the creative juices flowing. The key to getting through the week was staying busy and pretending I wasnt really missing Wife Swap, Survivor, Greys Anatomy and Ugly Betty or that I didnt mind being clueless about the latest American Idol audition or Oprah special. How did I spend my time? I read and went to the gym and spent a lot longer than normal slaving over a hot stove. A friend in the U.K. will get the surprise of her life when my hand-scribbled letter arrives on her doormat. I also came over all domesticated. Im proud to say my bathroom is now spotless and my fridge was given a good clean out. I even found time for a bit of sewing. Yes, I amazed even myself by sewing up the hem on a pair of trousers. To avoid temptation I also arranged a few nights out, but I was limited to where I could go. There was no way my boyfriend would give up TV even for a day, let alone a week, so I had to avoid his house. And almost every pub now has a widescreen TV looking back at you. Surprisingly, going without TV got easier as the week progressed. Im not a huge TV watcher anyway but I did miss my daily dose of news. I felt a bit lost without my window into the world. It brought home the fact that Im stuck on an island in the middle of the Atlantic. However, breaking free of the grip of TV wasnt a life-changing experience and I cant say I felt liberated. Neither did I find myself indulging in a healthy dose of outdoor activity. It was a valuable experience, though, as I was a lot more productive. I turned on life rather than the TV and stopped vegging-out in front of B-list celebrities, B-movies and bad plot lines. But I wont be throwing out the telly just yet. My TV isnt evil, it doesnt ruin my life, I just like it to have it around. Im not an addict. I would like to catch up with American Idol after missing two episodes, though The bliss of longer soaks in the tub By Don Burgess Giving up a week of TV left me hiding out in the bathtub and spending less time with my wife. It wasnt a good week to go on the no-TV diet. My house was full of people and we had relatives sleeping on the pullout sofa in the living room. We have an open plan house so the dining room and living room are connected. Also, my wife was sick for much of the week laid-up in bed with the TV on. And the weather was too bad for playing sports most days. I felt a little stranded. I would normally watch two to four hours of TV a day, but there are only five must-see programmes: Survivor, Battlestar Galactica, Bones, House and American Idol. And I did watch some TV couldnt help it. With the TV on in the bedroom and in the living room, there was no way not to see and hear programmes as I walked through, or interacted with people. But I didnt sit down to watch a programme. Instead, I spent more time in the bathtub. I could have stayed in the tub reading longer, but I after an hour, my skin had more wrinkles than a Shar Pei. I decided to set up a chair, with its back to the TV, and read a baseball magazine. I read a bad novel So how did I spend the rest of my time otherwise? I went to church, managed to get in a softball game, spent more time on the computer and read Stephen Kings Cell (very disappointing). We did play a few board games together like Vegas Showdown, San Juan and St. Petersburg, but those would have been a normal part of life anyway. Now that my week of abstinence is over, will I watch less TV? Probably not. As soon as the clock struck the witching hour, I had Comedy Central on. In the three days since going back to TV, Ive only watched six hours, which isnt that much considering it was a weekend. But of course, thats what any addict would say.

An Examination of Rips Character in Irvings Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

An Examination of Rip's Character in Irving's Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving wrote Rip Van Winkle with the American people in mind. At this time society was changing drastically. America was attempting to go through a struggle with forming their own identity. America was wanting to have an identity that would set them free from English culture and rule. Irving uses his main character, Rip Van Winkle, to symbolize America. Rip goes through the same struggles that America was going through at this time before and after the Revolution. Irving uses such great symbolism in this story to describe the changes that American society went through. This story covers a wide variety of time periods including: America before English rule, early American colonies under English rule, and America after the Revolutionary War. One main issue of the story was one of identity, especially at this time in history. Rip was having difficulty finding himself throughout the story. His wife constantly nagged at him probably all in good reason. His farm was fading away. He was lazy and unproductive. He underwent many emotional changes throughout the story. He didn't appreciate what he had, and before he could even blink it was gone. Life is too short to not appreciate everything in it and enjoy it to the fullest. In the first paragraph I chose to look at, it leads right into when Rip goes off for a walk to go squirrel shooting. Although the main reason for his walk was to get away for his nagging wife. The story could be interpreted in two different ways. One being that Rip was a lazy bum who did not take responsibility for his wife, children, and farm. He rather go out and drink and hang with his buddies at the tavern. I believe Irving specifically wrote this story for men. The story makes the wife sound like the wretched, nagging, old ugly woman and all she cares about is bothering her husband. This to me sounds all to familiar to what goes on still to this day. I believe the story makes Dame Van Winkle out to be the one in change of the power, but in reality I believe it was Rip.

Smoking on Campus :: Smoking Students

Smoking on Campus For Mandie Sload, college and nicotine go hand in hand. A 20-year-old student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Sload never smoked in high school. She doesn’t smoke much over the summers but as soon as a new semester starts, she is back to four or five cigarettes a day. What is it about college life that lures her to smoke? Stress? Peer pressure? Smoking is an addiction. Tobacco contains nicotine, a drug that is addictive. Once you start smoking, it is very hard, but not impossible to quit. Until recently, I think smoking on college campuses was largely ignored. Alcohol is such a major issue in college that smoking takes a back seat. In the last few years, however, smoking has become a hot topic. One of the reasons for this increased importance is the recognition that the college years are crucial in making or breaking an addiction. As a college student, I have seen first hand the prevalence of smoking. All across our campus, college students are lighting up at an alarming rate. In a campus survey I conducted of 15 college students in February 2002, eight students said they were current smokers. I surveyed eight males and seven females. My survey included 18 questions revealing gender, age, class, familial history of smoking, frequency of smoking, desire to quit, methods used to quit, awareness of hazards, etc. I surveyed several of my classmates in class, a few sorority sisters in our suite, and random students at the HUB. Fifty-three percent of the individuals I surveyed smoke. Sixty-two percent of the students who smoke consider themselves â€Å"social smokers.† Eighty-seven percent of the smokers have tried to quit. The students who have tried to quit have used the cold turkey method and intake reduction by decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in a week. In addition to the surveys, I conducted three interviews of my roommates in my apartment, an interview of a student from the IUP branch campus at Punxsatawney, and a case study of my boyfriend, Jason Mavrich. Many of the students I interviewed reported the average age they tried their first cigarette was 15. Not surprisingly, I found that smoking is higher among students who have â€Å"a strong party orientation.† College students who are binge drinkers admit â€Å"I only smoke when I drink.

The Thought and Influence of Voltaire Essay -- Writer Literature Paper

The Thought and Influence of Voltaire I The legacy of Franà §ois Marie Arouet, or Voltaire is not only a vast collection of writings, but also a world that has been radically and directly affected by these works and the activities of their author. While Voltaire did not create many of the ideas he professed, his success at disseminating these is unparalleled. He summed up with the most panache of anyone of his day the central issues of the Enlightenment, and rallied with the greatest fervour to see his beliefs tangibly realised. This paper will focus on Voltaire’s stances on vital issues, their weight versus the ideas and practices against which they are reactions, and their influence on both 18th century Europe and the modern West. II History Voltaire’s interpretation of history, its value, and the best methods for dealing with it, reveal clearly that his first love is literature. The important qualities of an historical work were, for him, character development, drama, and setting.1[1] But whereas previous historians may have been loath to give any texture to their descriptions of past civilisations, instead preferring value-laden generalisations (Golden Ages and Dark Ages); and whereas it was rare for one to make the attempt to transcend their setting and beliefs for the sake of better understanding their subjects,2[2] Voltaire emphasised that it was vital not just to look at significant events, but also to immerse oneself in the quotidian details of a society, thus understanding the character of the people behind the events.3[3] This deliberate identification with other cultures is characteristic of the relativism that the philosophes practised and that influenced their ethical theories. Drama aside, V... ...rsity Press, 1959) pp.288-291. 11[11] Gay. p.129. 12[12] Lauer. p.75. 13[13] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.85. 14[14] Wade. p.785. 15[15] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.142. 16[16] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.144. 17[17] Wade. p.786. 18[18] Voltaire. Lettres Philosophiques. (Paris: Garnier Frà ¨res, 1964) p.34. 19[19] Wade. p.785. 20[20] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.212. 21[21] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. pp.134-136. 22[22] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. pp.152-155. 23[23] Gay. p.289. 24[24] Wade. p.786. 25[25] Gustave Lanson. â€Å"The Voltairian Reformation of France† in Voltaire. ed. William F. Bottiglia. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968) p.139. 26[26] Norman L. Torrey. â€Å"Duplicity and Protective Lying† in Voltaire. pp.19-30. 27[27] David D. Bien. The Calas Affair. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960) p.25-26. 28[28] Gay. pp.278-281.

The Management Of Carbon Monoxide In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Carbon monoxide direction have progressively received attending in recent times, due to issues originating from the clime alteration phenomenon, and the increasing rate of wellness and environment jobs originating from air pollution. The promotions in air quality and C monoxide direction techniques are borne out of the demand for safe ambient air for all. Air quality can be defined as the quality of air we breathe, which depends on the measure of harmful gases and substances in it. Air quality is classified in the UK as ‘very good ‘ , ‘good ‘ , ‘poor ‘ and ‘very hapless ‘ ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Poor air quality, which is a effect of air pollution, is traditionally characterised by the presence of the most often and routinely monitored air pollutants ( N dioxide and its reaction merchandises, sulfur dioxide and its reaction merchandises, ozone, particulate affair, lead, volatile organic compounds and C monoxide our focal point in this research work ) at concentrations transcending the criterions which have been set to protect human wellness and the environment ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Carbon monoxide is a toxicant gas produced when fuels incorporating C are burned in the presence of small O. Harmonizing to experts, it can besides organize as a consequence of firing fuels at high temperatures. Much of this gas is being churned into the ambiance in Nigeria. When inhaled, C monoxide combines with the blood hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying substance in ruddy blood cells and by so making, inhibits haemoglobin from taking up O. Since hemoglobin can non take up O from the air, cells and tissues, dices due to the deficiency of O. In Nigeria, at present, the significance of natural beginnings of C monoxide for adult male is unsure. Estimates of semisynthetic C monoxide emanations vary from 350 to 600 million metric tons per annum. By far the most of import beginning of C monoxide at take a breathing degree is the fumes of petrol-powered motor vehicles. The emanation rate depends on the type of vehicle, its velocity, and its manner of operation. Other beginnings include heat and power generators, some industrial procedures such as the carbonisation of fuel, and the incineration of garbage. Faulty domestic cookery and warming contraptions may be of import beginnings that are frequently overlooked.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYa. To wholly specify the spacial and temporal distributions of CO ; B. To gauge the beginnings and per centum of C monoxide part to air pollution in Nigeria. c. To measure the negative impact of Carbon monoxide emanation to human wellness and the environment. d. To better understand CO tendencies, and to compare these with tendencies derived from emanation stock list informations in order to proffer best steps for Carbon monoxide emanation extenuation and direction in Nigeria.JustificationThe justification for this research is based on the environmental and wellness jeopardies posed by C monoxide with mention to air quality surveies and direction in Nigeria.LITERATURE REVIEWCarbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Its wellness significance as a contamination of air is mostly due to the fact that it forms a strong coordination bond with the Fe atom of the protohaem composite in hemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin ( HbCO ) and therefore impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The dissociation of oxyhemoglobin is besides altered by the presence in blood of carboxyhaemoglobin so that the supply of O to weave is farther impaired. The affinity of hemoglobin for C monoxide is approximately 240 times that of its affinity for O ; the proportions of carboxyhaemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in blood are mostly dependent on the partial force per unit areas of C monoxide and O. Carbonmonoxide is absorbed through the lungs and the concentrationa of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood at any clip will depend on several factors. When in equilibrium with ambient air, the carboxyhaemoglobin content of the blood will depend chiefly on the concentrations of divine C monoxide and O. However, if equilibrium has non been achieved, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration will besides depend on the clip of exposure, pneumonic airing, and the carboxyhaemoglobin originally present before inspiration of the contaminated air. The enormous addition in the figure and usage of motor vehicles during the past 30 old ages has been accompanied by a rapid addition in C monoxide emanations. The rate at which C monoxide is emitted from motor vehicles varies non merely with vehicle but besides with the manner of operation of the vehicle. The emanations of C monoxide by other nomadic beginnings are relatively little. Among the stationary beginnings, the combustion of waste stuff and certain industrial procedures generate significant sums of carbonmonoxide. Petroleum refineries, Fe metalworkss, kraft-pulp Millss, carbon-black workss are the major beginnings. The combustion of garbage, either in incinerators or openly, is an of import beginning of C monoxide. If uncontrolled, the emanation rate of C monoxide from incinerators is about 17.5 kilograms per metric ton of garbage burned. If burned openly, the emanation rates can change from approximately 25 to 60 kilograms per metric ton, depending upon the type of garbage ( US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973b ) . The burning of fossil fuels in electric generating workss, industries, and the place, while ensuing in the emanation of smaller measures of C monoxide separately, may represent a major beginning when combined. Any industrial procedure or operation, where uncomplete burning of carbonous stuff occurs, may easy be of importance every bit far as occupational exposure to carbon monoxide is concerned. Smelting of Fe ore, gas production plants, gasworks and coke ovens, distribution and usage of natural gas and coal gas, car fabrication, garages, and service Stationss are among the mos t of import beginnings for occupational exposure to carbon monoxide ( Ministry of Labour, 1965 ) The direction of C monoxide air quality will imply proper scrutiny of its assorted beginnings, its background degree and therefore the control of its emanation into the environment. An effectual air quality direction requires the undermentioned ( Stern, 1977 ) :I. Constitution of a set of air quality criterions or ends.The United Kingdom Air Quality Standards Regulation 2007 No. 64 defines air quality criterions as ‘limit values, mark values and long-run aims ‘ ( OPSI, 2007 ) of sum of air pollutants which should be present in the ambient air at degrees regarded to be safe for take a breathing. two. Construct an emanations stock list. An emanation stock list is a database of all emanation beginnings and the information on major air pollutants types and concentrations in the ambiance in a peculiar topographic point ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ) . Assorted standardized guidelines for building emanations stock list of air pollutants to turn to specific scenarios can be found in assorted literatures ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ; ARPEL, 1998 ; EEA, 2007 ; US EPA, 2000 ) . three. Monitoring in order to find ambient air quality. Monitoring the concentration of pollutants aimed at measuring current air quality and impacts on policy execution is an of import facet of an air quality direction system ( Long hurst et al. , 1996 ) four. Enforcement schemes and emanations control tactics should be devised. These tactics should be readily evaluated in order to set up their proficient and economical feasibleness and enforceability. Griffin ( 1994 ) identifies the constituents of an air quality direction program to include: Air pollutant concentration and effects Control schemes and rating Legislation and enforcement Beginnings and emanations Transportation system and transmutation.MATERIALS AND METHODSMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESAnalytic Method for Determining Carbon Monoxide in Environmental SamplesThe methodological analysis for the research will see the Measurement of C monoxide in the environment utilizing spectroscopic methods that is, Non-dispersive infrared ( NDIR ) spectrometry. For analysis by NDIR spectrometry, air is pumped into samples cells and the soaking up is measured at a C monoxide vibrational set at 2,174 cm-1 ( 4.7 ?m ) . Frequent automatic nothing cheques are compulsory. Zero cheques should be performed with CO free air generated utilizing a trap consisting of Schutze Reagent or hydrophobic baronial metal accelerator ( e.g. Sofnocat ) . Most NDIR CO analysers show zero impetus ( a few to several twelve nmol mol-1 per hr. Thus the appropriate interval for automatic nothing cheques must be evaluated at single sites. The scope for the frequence of machine-controlled zero cheques normally is at least one time per hr for instruments with a big impetus and day-to-day for instruments with a little impetus. Frequent automatic span cheques are besides desirable but are less important compared to zero cheques. The frequence should be between hourly and hebdomadal cheques. An optical filter is employed before the sample to take visible radiation of other frequences. Most NDIR spectrometers use gas filter correlativity ( GFC ) methodological analysis to better sensitiveness and cut down interventions by other gasses. In this method, the sample is at the same time passed through both a mention cell incorporating a high concentration of C monoxide and a sample cell incorporating N gas. Gas species other than C monoxide will rarefy radiation every bit in both cells ; nevertheless, when C monoxide is present, the sum of light go throughing through the mention cell is unchanged, but that go throughing through the sample cell is absorbed at the characteristic C monoxide frequence. This difference in s oaking up between the light passing through the cells is linearly related to carbon monoxide concentrations in the air sample ( EPA 2000 ) . The instrument one-dimensionality is acceptable if the mean response factor of each standardization gas is within 2.5 per centum of the overall mean value and if the comparative criterion divergence for each set of triplicate injections is less than 2 per centum. Record the overall mean of the response factor values as the standardization response factor ( R ) .DATA ANALYSISThe information collected will be analysed utilizing Calculations and Data Analysis. Carry out computations retaining at least one excess important figure beyond that of the acquired informations. Round off consequences merely after the concluding computation.I. Calculations and Data AnalysisBy replacing CO for NOx as applicable. Concentration Correction for CO2 Removal. Correct the CO concentration for CO2 remotion ( if applicable ) utilizing Eq. 10-1. CAvg = CCOstack ( 1 ? FCO ) 2 Where: CAvg = Average gas concentration for the trial tally, ppm. CCO stack = Average unadjusted stack gas CO concentration indicated by the informations recording equipment for the trial tally, ppmv. FCO2 = Volume fraction of CO2 in the sample, i.e. , per centum CO2 from Or sat analysis divided by 100.SUMMARY/RECOMMENDATIONAn extended, although non conclusive, literature reappraisal has been carried out, from which a general overview of C monoxide direction state of affairs of the Nigeria has been identified. From the literature reappraisal, it can be deduced that there is the demand for the development of air quality direction plan/system. This will guarantee that high quality information on the extent and impact of air pollution by C monoxide can be used as the footing for statute law to restrict the pollution, and develop a mechanism that will heighten uninterrupted monitoring of air quality in Nigeria.DecisionIn position of this and the findings from the literature reappraisal, the purposes and aims of this research are established and a methodological analysis proposed.

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power

As a result of the current global warming issues and the ever growing scarcity of our current energy resources we may be forced to resort to nuclear energy. The Department of Energy has already given its support to energy companies who have decided to construct nuclear power plants. It appears that nuclear power is the right course to take, but before this decision is finalised it is important to weigh the multiple advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. There are many pros and cons, but they weigh up almost equally which makes it a hard decision to choose the right course of action, nuclear power or non-nuclear power. The first step to deciding on the use of nuclear power entails looking at its pros. These advantages include its low carbon emissions, its containable waste products, its low cost technological research, and its abundant supply of energy. Abundant supply of electrical energy at lower costs. Uranium can be used instead of oil to produce electrical energy. A ton of uranium can release significant amounts of energy once it undergoes the process of nuclear fission. By nuclear fission, the mere splitting of atomic nuclei can go into a series of chain reactions that can produce great amounts of energy to be converted into electricity. Coal heated power plants require millions times more fuel to create an equal amount of energy as one ton of uranium. A very low amount of carbon emissions are created from nuclear power. Since there is no fuel burning process involved in a nuclear reactor, the amount of carbon emission released from nuclear power plants is less than a hundredth of the carbon emissions released by the fuel burning power plants such as coal heated power plants. Nuclear wastes can be contained and controlled. This is unlike carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions which are released in the atmosphere beyond human control. Carbon dioxide emissions have been the biggest factor that affect global warming conditions. Nuclear technology entails low cost. The nuclear technology of fission is a natural occurrence that does not require further development or research to produce energy that can be converted into electricity. The splitting of a large nucleus causes a chain reaction of splitting other nuclei and releasing shooting neutrons that can continuously split more atomic nuclei creating energy in the process. The next step includes comparing these pros with cons. These include the possible accidents or disasters, the possible creation of nuclear weapons, the expensive price of creating the nuclear power plant, The disposal and safe storage solution of nuclear waste, and the possible terrorist threat to nuclear power plants and waste disposal sites. Nuclear accidents or disasters have happened and taken place on different occasions in different locations in the past. Two of the most widely known nuclear disasters that occurred are the Three Mile Island reactor in the US and the Chernobyl reactor in Russia. Even the countries of France and Japan have had leakages and accidents. Japan experienced a partial meltdown of uranium core in Ottawa in 1952 and several other accidents afterwards including the well-known Tokaimura incident in 1999. France experienced its first major nuclear disaster in 1992 while the most recent was in July 2008. The latest involved a plant malfunction which caused 30,000 litres of uranium enriched solution to leak into two of France’s rivers. The possible creation of nuclear weapons. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty provides that every country has a right to undertake nuclear development for peaceful purposes. Many nations have taken its context as including the development of nuclear weapons because they feel threatened by other world powers. India feels threatened by Pakistan, while North Korea feels the same way about South Korea. Even developing countries will consider nuclear weapons to protect itself from possible threats of invasion. The setting up of nuclear power plants is expensive. Based on historical records, the actual costs incurred in building nuclear power plants have always exceeded the initial estimates. A report released by the US Congressional Budget Office in May 2008 disclosed that the actual costs incurred to build 75 existing nuclear power plants reached $144. 6 billion dollars. The estimated average cost of was $45. 2 billion. Nuclear waste disposal and storage solutions still have to be perfected. Nuclear waste is also known as Spent Nuclear Fuel or SNF. At the moment the only ideal system of treating SNF involves keeping them in temporary storage in deep disposal sites in the ground. However, SNF or nuclear waste disposal is still considered unresolved by many because there are no countries involved in deep ground SNF storage. Instead the nuclear waste is stored in dry-cask storages in steel lined silos with no definite disposal destination. Also uranium and plutonium have very long half lives and will take many years in storage to decay. The nuclear waste products are still considered radioactive for at least one thousand years. This could threaten homes and there residents if they have the radiation emissions enter their homes. Nuclear power plants and SNF storage silos are possible targets of terrorist attacks. Similar attacks like those launched by the 9/11 terrorists are likely possibilities which cannot be dismissed. This may seem unlikely but so did the attack on the twin towers. There are equal amounts of pros and cons for nuclear power usage and the decision to switch to it in the future is still uncertain. Although there are advantages such as the low carbon emissions and the large amount of energy produce from one ton of uranium the are still disadvantages including the possible nuclear disasters in the reactors and the possible terrorist threat. Either way it is necessary the choice is made soon otherwise our resources will be used up and we will be in a lot of strife.

Ralph Ellison’s novel “Invisible Man” Essay

For this assignment, you will be analyzing two more short stories, â€Å"Battle Royal† (which is the first chapter in Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man) and â€Å"The Birthmark.† As you read, reflect on the ways each depicts characters that are deemed socially unacceptable because of their outward appearances. Please write a comparison/contrast essay of 1000 words or more discussing the questions below. Remember to begin your paper with an engaging introduction and clear thesis statement, develop each point in the body of your paper using examples and quotes from the stories, and conclude your paper with a restatement of your thesis and closing remarks. Also, be sure to maintain your credibility by including in-text citations and a reference list correctly formatted in APA style. Setting: Describe the settings of both pieces and identify how the eras in which they take place—with their distinct societal attitudes and customs—affect the main characters? Characters: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Discuss the young man and his grandfather. Why do we never learn the young man’s name? What do the grandfather’s dying words reveal about him? â€Å"The Birthmark:† Describe the main characters: Aylmer, Georgiana and Aminadab. What is important to each? Point of View: In which point of view (first- or third-person) is each piece told? If the point of view in â€Å"Battle Royal† was changed, would it have made the story more effective, or less so? Symbolism: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Analyze the deeper meaning of the following: the â€Å"battle royal† itself, the naked blonde, and the young man’s dream at the end of the story. â€Å"The Birthmark:† What does Georgiana’s birthmark signify, first to her and then to Aylmer? What does alchemy represent in the story? Themes: What are the main themes/messages of each piece? What, in other words, do you think the authors, Ralph Ellison and Nathaniel Hawthorne, are trying to communicate about life and human nature in their respective stories? Fear: What role does fear play in both pieces? Discrimination: Both stories address physical appearance, specifically one’s  skin, and the way people may discriminate against others because of external characteristics they deem inferior. Compare and contrast how discrimination and prejudice are presented in â€Å"Battle Royal† and â€Å"The Birthmark.† Final Thoughts: Author Tim O’Brien wrote, â€Å"That’s what fiction is for. It’s for getting at the truth when the truth isn’t sufficient for the truth.† Talk about how literature might give us â€Å"truer† insights into the human experience by appealing to our senses, emotions and empathy. Describe a situation in which you or someone you know may have been discriminated against because of appearance, gender, race or another attribute. What did the experience teach you? Please submit your assignment.

Journal

Here are some of the kinds of writing I have done, In and out of school, during the past year (check all those that apply). 0 Essays about literature CLC Book reports Emails for work or to friends Journal entries Personal narratives 0 Short stories Speeches for special occasions 0 Research papers Ã'Ëœ Job applications 0 Letters for business purposes 0 Notes too teacher Summaries Persuasive essays Deflations Diary entries Descriptions 0 Songs Poems Newspaper articles 0 Letters to friends or family Ã'Ëœ Postcards 0 Thank-you notes Text messages Any others you can think of:Click here to enter text. 2. Of the items on my list, I most liked writing personal narratives and research papers because I enjoy telling personal stories and learning about new subjects. 3. I least enjoyed writing poems and speeches because writing poems isn't one of my strengths and I don't enjoy talking in front of a large group of people; especially strangers. 4. When I am given a writing assignment, I usually fo llow this process: I create a chart of my Ideas along with reasons, write a rough draft, have someone read It, I make corrections, and then I write the final draft. And overall structure. 6.I think that the area of my writing most needing work is broadening my vocabulary. 7. The types of writing that I will probably do in my college courses are persuasive, analytical, and argumentative; in my possible career, analytical and argumentative; in my personal life descriptions. 8. In the past, my experiences with writing courses have been great. 9. My writing goals for this course are to broaden my vocabulary and to learn new writing styles. 10. My thoughts and concerns as I begin this course are not knowing my grades on my papers and assignments really frightens me. Other than that, I cannot wait to begin growing as a writer. Journal Headquartered in Los Angels, California, the company offers consumers over 250 quality and affordable arsenal care products. The Product Dry. Fresh makes Bianca brand nativity fluoride toothpaste. We offer a peppermint flavor which is preferable to our target audience and offers cavity protection, fresh breath and strengthens teeth. Active ingredient is sodium nonprofessionals (0. 76%) is an nativity with a series of inactive ingredients. The Market Target market includes low income individuals, students, head of household, and elderly.The projected loss for our product in the current fiscal year is predicted $50,000 net loss. Variable costs to obtain a product and store in our warehouse is $0. 50 per unit. This variable cost cannot be reduced any further and will remain constant for the next two years regardless of volume. We have a unique advantage that our production can instantly vary to any output without increasing fixed costs or inventory costs. Our annual fixed costs are $250 ,000 annually including salaries, benefits, office supplies, warehouse space and our other product related expenses.This does not include any promotion like advertising, public relations or personal selling. Company overview Our mission is to provide innovative, high quality and affordable personal care products that exceed consumer expectations. The mission includes being the leader in the oral care category through fully understanding and addressing consumer needs. Our companies' SOOT Analysis includes our strength to offer a low price, have an effective product, and a good price to feature ratio.We offer multiple oral healthcare products which increase customer susceptibility to our product. Bianca has had previous advertising in movies, and television which help our product recognition. Our weaknesses include lack of brand recognition and are unknown, lack of features including whitening, tartar control, sensitivity and also fluoride, low promotion edged, subpart quality and we offer smaller quantities than competitors for the of our product through retailers. Company opportunities include easy sales to wholesalers because of price.We can offer to convenience stores and also vending machines to increase sales without extra cost. We also have the opportunity to advertise to dentist offices and to get support. Threats include name brand competitors, other low cost entrants, supplier power, buyer power, rivalry between other low cost competitors, and also threat of substitute products affect our business. 95% of our sales are at the price point of $1. 15 through wholesalers. The wholesalers sell to retailers, who sell our product at $1. 61 per unit.The other 5% of sales occur over the internet at $1. 49 each. We show a fixed cost of 250,000 + (. 50 per unit PVC *units). We are selling at this price and are estimated to lose $50,000 this year. In order to market this toothpaste, and achieve a goal of $50,000 profitability a year we must sell 400,000 units. In order to hit this strategic goal we must attain more market share. The overall oral healthcare market is worth 10. 9 billion. Colgate holds 52% of the overall market. HULL holds 22%. Dabber has 14% We hold . 05% with other brands with 1 1. 5%. Current market trends it indicate whitening is a strong factor in increasing sales. Market Segments We have broken our market down into the following segments: Students (Students are on tight budgets, but still need to clean their teeth effectively because their diets are typically not conducive to oral health in the first place. ) Low Income Families (Lower income families need to buy lots of toothpaste, but can't afford expensive name brands. ) Value Shoppers (Some individuals/families simply look to get the most value for their money. Each of our market segments have similar characteristics. Most of all, they are looking o get the best oral care product on a limited budget. They are typically value driven, and will buy a specific brand out of habit and convenience rather than any specific medical desires in their product. Their needs in a toothpaste include cleaning their teeth, preventing tooth decay, freshening breath, and preventing plaque and tartar build up in their mouth. Primary Target Market Our primary target market is value shoppers.Our customers in rural areas are looking for a combination of features and convenience. Customers entail value shoppers, low income shoppers, students, households, low cost value proposition. We segment through Geographic (Rural and Urban), Behavioral ( Normal use, Whitening, Complete Care), Demographic (customer type) and other methods. Company Analysis Our goals include selling the best toothpaste at the best price. Through aggressive price techniques we offer a quality product at a low price. We sell most of our product to retailers and a slim margin over the internet.Company culture includes giving employees fair chance to speak their mind and voice concerns to management. Th rough respecting catheter and fostering innovation we have been able to sell our other products very successfully. Internal strengths we have include our differentiation of products. We offer Bianca mouth freshening spray, toothbrushes, floss and other oral health products. A weakness we have internally is that we do not currently offer any whitening products, and with the current trend it is hurting our growth.Opportunities that we have include a whitening pre brush rinse solution. We also can develop mouthwash and produce different flavors of our breath freshening spray. The oral healthcare market is increasing due to people's reliance on vanity. Threats from other companies are hurting our sales due to competitor capitalization n the whitening, and feature/ luxury branding. Our low price toothpaste formula is not going to make your teeth any brighter, or remove layers of plaque that cause yellowing.Our product simply removes surface bacteria and doesn't get in deep like other com petitor products. Market share is a growing concern for us, we hold half a percent of the total market, and our competitor Colgate holds 52% of the overall market. We have a lot of room for growth inside our current market and huge incentives. Overall we are going to suffer a loss this quarter. We are going through some changes currently in our marketing ND management staff and are predicting a rise next year. We have more than adequate production methods and inventory warehousing.We anticipate being able to handle sales at a much higher volume. We are coming up with a new marketing scheme to make our product more appealing to our target market. We need to think creatively and bring in some fresh ideas and interns. Stock pence 2. 50 BASE (August 1st 2013) Competitor Analysis Our top three competitors are The Procter and Gamble Company Philips Oral Healthcare Inc I. Market position The consumer product conglomerate focused on toothpaste, toothbrushes and other oral care products. The position of the quality toothpaste could be niche or mainstream.The decision to position the new toothpaste on retail shelves is another important aspect of our sales positioning. Colgate toothpaste places the toothpaste in between one of the existing products and a competitor's product. It. Strengths – Colgate Optic white and Colgate sensitive pro- Relief toothpastes and the re launch of Colgate total toothpaste contributed to their strength in the oral care market. – Collage's strength in manual toothbrushes also continued in the U. S, driven by the success of Colgate 360 degree optic white, Colgate 360 degree Sensitive Pro- Relief ND Colgate 360 degree Surround. ‘. Weaknesses Colgate brand directly compete with P Oral-B company toothpastes which are globally known for their high functional properties, including sensitivity and teeth whitening. The company also increased its advertising expenditures by 31% in the two quarters of 2013. It has resulted in an ove rall market share gain in toothpaste and has growth from 52% in 2012 to 56% presently. Colgate has to worry about the innovative new products that could compete with their current quality toothpaste. Iii.Market Shares Colgate has been able to stay ahead of the market; it has one of the widest networks, caching 4. 5 million retail outlets in India. Collage's sustained distribution strength, coupled with product innovation and creation of sub-categories such as mouthwash and sensitive oral care have helped it drive growth aggressively. They are always coming up with new ideas to push the barrier and capture new market shares. Promoting healthier lives, improving community oral health care, expanding their current â€Å"Bright Smile, Bright Futures† program all ATA low cost.They ensure that ingredients continue to meet safety, quality and environmental compliance and biodegradability. They have also been environmentally responsible through educing the environmental impact of Col gate products and packages by 20% increasing the use of sustainable materials and recycled content. Value Chain Partners Supply chain partners consist of primarily a manufacturing company (Dry. Fresh) in India. The factory produces the toothpaste, packages the paste into tubes, and seals and prints the tubes and boxes the final product.Large shipments leave the factory by means of distribution. A distributor moves the product from the factory to Wholesalers Warehouses Shipping yards Wholesaler's mark up the product and sell the product in bulk to tillers. Wholesalers are responsible for distribution of the product after they purchase the product from the factory. Warehouses store the product until demand for the toothpaste is reached. At this point the product is removed and sold to different partners Shipping yards are usually located where a sea port meets a railroad.The trucks can drop off product for easy transportation over 1) ocean through massive commercial ships and 2) railw ay where trains transport goods efficiently 3) Trucks drop off their trailers and are easily navigated to new locations by other drivers. Once the goods are delivered to their final location it is usually at a retailer. Retailers purchase the goods from the wholesaler, offer a markup on the product and arrange the product on the shelves where it is ultimately bought by customers. When the product is sold directly over the internet a lot of the process is cut down.The internet protocol is much more simple. A supply chain partner is through the website design and maintenance teams in order to process orders and receive accurate shipping information, as well as process payment. When an order is paid for and set up for delivery, the company uses a mail company such as faded or SSP to deliver the final package to the customer. Climate Reducing global impact on the climate and environment plays an important role in associated with the manufacture and distribution of products it plays a la rge role in our manufacturing process.We try to reduce waste sent to landfills as well as request that all of our key suppliers measure and disclose the climate change information. Through the economic climate we are reducing the amount of water consumed in the manufacture and consumption of our products. Reducing the amount of water associated with our products saves a lot of money. Through working tit local and global organizations to promote access to clean water we promote water conservation awareness across the world. We reduce our environmental impact of products and packages by up to 20% by increasing the use of sustainable materials and recycled content.Social and cultural environment includes the increase of sustainability profile in our new products and in the balance of our portfolio. We ensure ingredients meet or exceed all recognized standards for safety, quality, and environmental compliance and biodegradability. Political and legal environment is included in promoting health and wellness and to reduce employee employee health risks. We have achieved a 5% reduction in costs and improvements in early diagnosis of chronic and treatable disease. We are focusing on safety to achieve the goal of zero lost time incidents.Other political impacts are the standards set to monitor our product and ensure public health. Technological environment by reducing our waste through technological upgrades we have been able to increase effectiveness and efficiency with lower waste. New methods allow for the reduction of water used in production and distributing so that we can control costs and provide the best product available. Insight driven innovation provides value added products and our marketing strategy shows that in order to ensure high standards we must have the essential technology to make it happen. Journal Proposals, persuasive messages, classroom practices Introduction: Given that students are enthusiastic about social media or even have expertise in some social media tools, the author decided to design a class project in her Writing for Careers (Business Communication) class that integrates social media in terms of content and project management.This article intends to describe such a class reject design as well as the working process; reflect on such a practice by reviewing students' feedback, examining the final products, and assessing the learning outcomes; and finally provide suggestions on how to improve this project. Methods: This article describes the project design as well as the working process and reflects on this practice by reviewing students' feedback, examining the final products, and assessing the learning outcomes.In concluding, the article provides suggestions for Improvement, Students were excited about the project because It was related to social media; however som e students were confused because they didn't understand how such a project could be related to business management. Different books, articles, websites, movies, and/or TV shows were assigned to help with the project (ex. Get Connected: The Social Networking Toolkit for Business, the Oscar-winning movie The Social Network, Conic's The Backbone Obsession, Barack Beam's Social Media Lessons for Business. Also a few articles (Tangelo, 2010: Greenland, 2010; Jones & Degree, 2011).Results: The few students who disliked social media or were very elucidate to get onto social media had an opportunity to learn something new. Those who were familiar with some social media tools learned new aspects and features. This project gave students the opportunity to practice and utilize a variety of skills: critical thinking, problem solving, audience analysis, persuasion, and document design. The process-based teaching enhanced their understanding and application of what they learned in class and also made it possible to customize the teaching. Discussion: Throughout the project several social media tools were discussed.Students were challenged to communicate not only their mastery of digital communication skills, especially social media skills, but also their understanding of the potential for using these skills in professional settings to target audience. In addition they had to demonstrate their rhetorical skills In persuading their audience in considering or adopting social media. This example of client-based, student- centered learning empowered students and increased student autonomy. Criticism: the goal of the project even after repeated instructor explanations.Their overconfidence and overestimation of their own social media skills also hindered their completion of the project satisfactorily. Instead of figuring out what the business or organization needs to communicate constantly and effectively with their customers, these students insisted on getting the opinion of the teacher or the client had to tell them what to do. These students spent time creating a profile page instead of Justifying why they had selected that particular social media tool. During the project; time was spent teaching social media tools, especially the ones students that lacked familiarity with social media. Journal The Picture for Men: Superhero or Slacker, Stefan Bach's The Fall of the Female Protagonist in Kid's Movies and Amanda Marmoset's The Shocking Radicalism of Brave all expresses a tone of opposition to the Issue of gender gap. They specifically focus on the media especially In movies and cartoons where men are most times the prevailing character and superheroes while women are helpmates and trophies to be won by them.This is an obvious trend and I indisputably agree with this resentment. Sesame Panda in his article mentions that â€Å"The attributes that are most valuable today-social intelligence, open communication, the ability to sit still and focus-are, at a minimum, not predominantly male. † (Panda, 201). He also mentions that â€Å"boys who remained close to their mothers, siblings, and peers did not act as tough or shut down emotionally.However, close relationships tit fathers encouraged greater autonomy and detachment from friendships. † This shows that the fathe rs of these boys have been brought up in a like manner and always has been a trend In the past. Society teaches girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. Girls are allowed to have ambition and aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise the men will be threatened. Does the society actually see women as a lesser Identity?If boys are taught to be tough, autonomous and stoic, what role would the girls play? Maids, perhaps. Also, Stefan Bach's article throws more light to the devastating issue of gender gap. She considers the role of female protagonists in animated children's films. Using Disney and Paxar as a case study, she fairly criticizes Disney films for being sexist and mentions that â€Å"A pretty big percentage of the female leads in Disney musicals seem to have only one goal- to get Journal Save your journal entry as a Microsoft Word file and submit it using the appropriate link in the Session 2 folder. Follow all the directions, adhere to the rules of Standard Written English, and submit by the deadline. 1 . Contrasts can evoke strong emotions and images in creative writing. Re- read Yeses Gunnysack's poem â€Å"Facing It† (page 42). Make note of the ways Communally contrasts ideas and images: white and black, night and morning stone and flesh, solid and air, movement and stasis, reality and reflection, cast and present.These contrasts create a sense of confusion and tension. Write two paragraphs of your own in which you describe a brief fictional scene that is full Of contrasts. Make the contrasts meaningful to the character in your scene. 2. A stanza is a group of lines in poetry. (Billy Collins' poem â€Å"Snow Day' on page 41 is eight five-line stanzas, for example. ) Write a poem of three-line stanzas that follows this pattern: The first line consists of a n abstraction, plus a verb, plus a place; the second line describes attire; and the third line of each Tanta summarizes an action.Let it flow. Each stanza should make sense by itself; all together the poem does not have to make absolute sense. See the examples on page 24 of Imaginative Writing. Your completed poem should be at least eight stanzas. 3. Quickly list as many clickd metaphors as you can think of: the path of life, eyes like pools, crazy as a bedbug, nose to the grindstone, and so forth. Provide the list. Then switch half a dozen of the comparisons: eyes like bedbugs, nose to the path, the grindstone of life. Then, write a brief poem (at