The Management Of Carbon Monoxide In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Carbon monoxide direction have progressively received attending in recent times, due to issues originating from the clime alteration phenomenon, and the increasing rate of wellness and environment jobs originating from air pollution. The promotions in air quality and C monoxide direction techniques are borne out of the demand for safe ambient air for all. Air quality can be defined as the quality of air we breathe, which depends on the measure of harmful gases and substances in it. Air quality is classified in the UK as ‘very good ‘ , ‘good ‘ , ‘poor ‘ and ‘very hapless ‘ ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Poor air quality, which is a effect of air pollution, is traditionally characterised by the presence of the most often and routinely monitored air pollutants ( N dioxide and its reaction merchandises, sulfur dioxide and its reaction merchandises, ozone, particulate affair, lead, volatile organic compounds and C monoxide our focal point in this research work ) at concentrations transcending the criterions which have been set to protect human wellness and the environment ( Longhurst et al. , 1995 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Carbon monoxide is a toxicant gas produced when fuels incorporating C are burned in the presence of small O. Harmonizing to experts, it can besides organize as a consequence of firing fuels at high temperatures. Much of this gas is being churned into the ambiance in Nigeria. When inhaled, C monoxide combines with the blood hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying substance in ruddy blood cells and by so making, inhibits haemoglobin from taking up O. Since hemoglobin can non take up O from the air, cells and tissues, dices due to the deficiency of O. In Nigeria, at present, the significance of natural beginnings of C monoxide for adult male is unsure. Estimates of semisynthetic C monoxide emanations vary from 350 to 600 million metric tons per annum. By far the most of import beginning of C monoxide at take a breathing degree is the fumes of petrol-powered motor vehicles. The emanation rate depends on the type of vehicle, its velocity, and its manner of operation. Other beginnings include heat and power generators, some industrial procedures such as the carbonisation of fuel, and the incineration of garbage. Faulty domestic cookery and warming contraptions may be of import beginnings that are frequently overlooked.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYa. To wholly specify the spacial and temporal distributions of CO ; B. To gauge the beginnings and per centum of C monoxide part to air pollution in Nigeria. c. To measure the negative impact of Carbon monoxide emanation to human wellness and the environment. d. To better understand CO tendencies, and to compare these with tendencies derived from emanation stock list informations in order to proffer best steps for Carbon monoxide emanation extenuation and direction in Nigeria.JustificationThe justification for this research is based on the environmental and wellness jeopardies posed by C monoxide with mention to air quality surveies and direction in Nigeria.LITERATURE REVIEWCarbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is somewhat less dense than air. It is a merchandise of uncomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels and is besides produced by some industrial and biological procedures. Its wellness significance as a contamination of air is mostly due to the fact that it forms a strong coordination bond with the Fe atom of the protohaem composite in hemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin ( HbCO ) and therefore impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The dissociation of oxyhemoglobin is besides altered by the presence in blood of carboxyhaemoglobin so that the supply of O to weave is farther impaired. The affinity of hemoglobin for C monoxide is approximately 240 times that of its affinity for O ; the proportions of carboxyhaemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in blood are mostly dependent on the partial force per unit areas of C monoxide and O. Carbonmonoxide is absorbed through the lungs and the concentrationa of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood at any clip will depend on several factors. When in equilibrium with ambient air, the carboxyhaemoglobin content of the blood will depend chiefly on the concentrations of divine C monoxide and O. However, if equilibrium has non been achieved, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration will besides depend on the clip of exposure, pneumonic airing, and the carboxyhaemoglobin originally present before inspiration of the contaminated air. The enormous addition in the figure and usage of motor vehicles during the past 30 old ages has been accompanied by a rapid addition in C monoxide emanations. The rate at which C monoxide is emitted from motor vehicles varies non merely with vehicle but besides with the manner of operation of the vehicle. The emanations of C monoxide by other nomadic beginnings are relatively little. Among the stationary beginnings, the combustion of waste stuff and certain industrial procedures generate significant sums of carbonmonoxide. Petroleum refineries, Fe metalworkss, kraft-pulp Millss, carbon-black workss are the major beginnings. The combustion of garbage, either in incinerators or openly, is an of import beginning of C monoxide. If uncontrolled, the emanation rate of C monoxide from incinerators is about 17.5 kilograms per metric ton of garbage burned. If burned openly, the emanation rates can change from approximately 25 to 60 kilograms per metric ton, depending upon the type of garbage ( US Environmental Protection Agency, 1973b ) . The burning of fossil fuels in electric generating workss, industries, and the place, while ensuing in the emanation of smaller measures of C monoxide separately, may represent a major beginning when combined. Any industrial procedure or operation, where uncomplete burning of carbonous stuff occurs, may easy be of importance every bit far as occupational exposure to carbon monoxide is concerned. Smelting of Fe ore, gas production plants, gasworks and coke ovens, distribution and usage of natural gas and coal gas, car fabrication, garages, and service Stationss are among the mos t of import beginnings for occupational exposure to carbon monoxide ( Ministry of Labour, 1965 ) The direction of C monoxide air quality will imply proper scrutiny of its assorted beginnings, its background degree and therefore the control of its emanation into the environment. An effectual air quality direction requires the undermentioned ( Stern, 1977 ) :I. Constitution of a set of air quality criterions or ends.The United Kingdom Air Quality Standards Regulation 2007 No. 64 defines air quality criterions as ‘limit values, mark values and long-run aims ‘ ( OPSI, 2007 ) of sum of air pollutants which should be present in the ambient air at degrees regarded to be safe for take a breathing. two. Construct an emanations stock list. An emanation stock list is a database of all emanation beginnings and the information on major air pollutants types and concentrations in the ambiance in a peculiar topographic point ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ) . Assorted standardized guidelines for building emanations stock list of air pollutants to turn to specific scenarios can be found in assorted literatures ( Mattai and Hutchinson, 2005 ; ARPEL, 1998 ; EEA, 2007 ; US EPA, 2000 ) . three. Monitoring in order to find ambient air quality. Monitoring the concentration of pollutants aimed at measuring current air quality and impacts on policy execution is an of import facet of an air quality direction system ( Long hurst et al. , 1996 ) four. Enforcement schemes and emanations control tactics should be devised. These tactics should be readily evaluated in order to set up their proficient and economical feasibleness and enforceability. Griffin ( 1994 ) identifies the constituents of an air quality direction program to include: Air pollutant concentration and effects Control schemes and rating Legislation and enforcement Beginnings and emanations Transportation system and transmutation.MATERIALS AND METHODSMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESAnalytic Method for Determining Carbon Monoxide in Environmental SamplesThe methodological analysis for the research will see the Measurement of C monoxide in the environment utilizing spectroscopic methods that is, Non-dispersive infrared ( NDIR ) spectrometry. For analysis by NDIR spectrometry, air is pumped into samples cells and the soaking up is measured at a C monoxide vibrational set at 2,174 cm-1 ( 4.7 ?m ) . Frequent automatic nothing cheques are compulsory. Zero cheques should be performed with CO free air generated utilizing a trap consisting of Schutze Reagent or hydrophobic baronial metal accelerator ( e.g. Sofnocat ) . Most NDIR CO analysers show zero impetus ( a few to several twelve nmol mol-1 per hr. Thus the appropriate interval for automatic nothing cheques must be evaluated at single sites. The scope for the frequence of machine-controlled zero cheques normally is at least one time per hr for instruments with a big impetus and day-to-day for instruments with a little impetus. Frequent automatic span cheques are besides desirable but are less important compared to zero cheques. The frequence should be between hourly and hebdomadal cheques. An optical filter is employed before the sample to take visible radiation of other frequences. Most NDIR spectrometers use gas filter correlativity ( GFC ) methodological analysis to better sensitiveness and cut down interventions by other gasses. In this method, the sample is at the same time passed through both a mention cell incorporating a high concentration of C monoxide and a sample cell incorporating N gas. Gas species other than C monoxide will rarefy radiation every bit in both cells ; nevertheless, when C monoxide is present, the sum of light go throughing through the mention cell is unchanged, but that go throughing through the sample cell is absorbed at the characteristic C monoxide frequence. This difference in s oaking up between the light passing through the cells is linearly related to carbon monoxide concentrations in the air sample ( EPA 2000 ) . The instrument one-dimensionality is acceptable if the mean response factor of each standardization gas is within 2.5 per centum of the overall mean value and if the comparative criterion divergence for each set of triplicate injections is less than 2 per centum. Record the overall mean of the response factor values as the standardization response factor ( R ) .DATA ANALYSISThe information collected will be analysed utilizing Calculations and Data Analysis. Carry out computations retaining at least one excess important figure beyond that of the acquired informations. Round off consequences merely after the concluding computation.I. Calculations and Data AnalysisBy replacing CO for NOx as applicable. Concentration Correction for CO2 Removal. Correct the CO concentration for CO2 remotion ( if applicable ) utilizing Eq. 10-1. CAvg = CCOstack ( 1 ? FCO ) 2 Where: CAvg = Average gas concentration for the trial tally, ppm. CCO stack = Average unadjusted stack gas CO concentration indicated by the informations recording equipment for the trial tally, ppmv. FCO2 = Volume fraction of CO2 in the sample, i.e. , per centum CO2 from Or sat analysis divided by 100.SUMMARY/RECOMMENDATIONAn extended, although non conclusive, literature reappraisal has been carried out, from which a general overview of C monoxide direction state of affairs of the Nigeria has been identified. From the literature reappraisal, it can be deduced that there is the demand for the development of air quality direction plan/system. This will guarantee that high quality information on the extent and impact of air pollution by C monoxide can be used as the footing for statute law to restrict the pollution, and develop a mechanism that will heighten uninterrupted monitoring of air quality in Nigeria.DecisionIn position of this and the findings from the literature reappraisal, the purposes and aims of this research are established and a methodological analysis proposed.

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power

As a result of the current global warming issues and the ever growing scarcity of our current energy resources we may be forced to resort to nuclear energy. The Department of Energy has already given its support to energy companies who have decided to construct nuclear power plants. It appears that nuclear power is the right course to take, but before this decision is finalised it is important to weigh the multiple advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. There are many pros and cons, but they weigh up almost equally which makes it a hard decision to choose the right course of action, nuclear power or non-nuclear power. The first step to deciding on the use of nuclear power entails looking at its pros. These advantages include its low carbon emissions, its containable waste products, its low cost technological research, and its abundant supply of energy. Abundant supply of electrical energy at lower costs. Uranium can be used instead of oil to produce electrical energy. A ton of uranium can release significant amounts of energy once it undergoes the process of nuclear fission. By nuclear fission, the mere splitting of atomic nuclei can go into a series of chain reactions that can produce great amounts of energy to be converted into electricity. Coal heated power plants require millions times more fuel to create an equal amount of energy as one ton of uranium. A very low amount of carbon emissions are created from nuclear power. Since there is no fuel burning process involved in a nuclear reactor, the amount of carbon emission released from nuclear power plants is less than a hundredth of the carbon emissions released by the fuel burning power plants such as coal heated power plants. Nuclear wastes can be contained and controlled. This is unlike carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions which are released in the atmosphere beyond human control. Carbon dioxide emissions have been the biggest factor that affect global warming conditions. Nuclear technology entails low cost. The nuclear technology of fission is a natural occurrence that does not require further development or research to produce energy that can be converted into electricity. The splitting of a large nucleus causes a chain reaction of splitting other nuclei and releasing shooting neutrons that can continuously split more atomic nuclei creating energy in the process. The next step includes comparing these pros with cons. These include the possible accidents or disasters, the possible creation of nuclear weapons, the expensive price of creating the nuclear power plant, The disposal and safe storage solution of nuclear waste, and the possible terrorist threat to nuclear power plants and waste disposal sites. Nuclear accidents or disasters have happened and taken place on different occasions in different locations in the past. Two of the most widely known nuclear disasters that occurred are the Three Mile Island reactor in the US and the Chernobyl reactor in Russia. Even the countries of France and Japan have had leakages and accidents. Japan experienced a partial meltdown of uranium core in Ottawa in 1952 and several other accidents afterwards including the well-known Tokaimura incident in 1999. France experienced its first major nuclear disaster in 1992 while the most recent was in July 2008. The latest involved a plant malfunction which caused 30,000 litres of uranium enriched solution to leak into two of France’s rivers. The possible creation of nuclear weapons. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty provides that every country has a right to undertake nuclear development for peaceful purposes. Many nations have taken its context as including the development of nuclear weapons because they feel threatened by other world powers. India feels threatened by Pakistan, while North Korea feels the same way about South Korea. Even developing countries will consider nuclear weapons to protect itself from possible threats of invasion. The setting up of nuclear power plants is expensive. Based on historical records, the actual costs incurred in building nuclear power plants have always exceeded the initial estimates. A report released by the US Congressional Budget Office in May 2008 disclosed that the actual costs incurred to build 75 existing nuclear power plants reached $144. 6 billion dollars. The estimated average cost of was $45. 2 billion. Nuclear waste disposal and storage solutions still have to be perfected. Nuclear waste is also known as Spent Nuclear Fuel or SNF. At the moment the only ideal system of treating SNF involves keeping them in temporary storage in deep disposal sites in the ground. However, SNF or nuclear waste disposal is still considered unresolved by many because there are no countries involved in deep ground SNF storage. Instead the nuclear waste is stored in dry-cask storages in steel lined silos with no definite disposal destination. Also uranium and plutonium have very long half lives and will take many years in storage to decay. The nuclear waste products are still considered radioactive for at least one thousand years. This could threaten homes and there residents if they have the radiation emissions enter their homes. Nuclear power plants and SNF storage silos are possible targets of terrorist attacks. Similar attacks like those launched by the 9/11 terrorists are likely possibilities which cannot be dismissed. This may seem unlikely but so did the attack on the twin towers. There are equal amounts of pros and cons for nuclear power usage and the decision to switch to it in the future is still uncertain. Although there are advantages such as the low carbon emissions and the large amount of energy produce from one ton of uranium the are still disadvantages including the possible nuclear disasters in the reactors and the possible terrorist threat. Either way it is necessary the choice is made soon otherwise our resources will be used up and we will be in a lot of strife.

Ralph Ellison’s novel “Invisible Man” Essay

For this assignment, you will be analyzing two more short stories, â€Å"Battle Royal† (which is the first chapter in Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man) and â€Å"The Birthmark.† As you read, reflect on the ways each depicts characters that are deemed socially unacceptable because of their outward appearances. Please write a comparison/contrast essay of 1000 words or more discussing the questions below. Remember to begin your paper with an engaging introduction and clear thesis statement, develop each point in the body of your paper using examples and quotes from the stories, and conclude your paper with a restatement of your thesis and closing remarks. Also, be sure to maintain your credibility by including in-text citations and a reference list correctly formatted in APA style. Setting: Describe the settings of both pieces and identify how the eras in which they take place—with their distinct societal attitudes and customs—affect the main characters? Characters: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Discuss the young man and his grandfather. Why do we never learn the young man’s name? What do the grandfather’s dying words reveal about him? â€Å"The Birthmark:† Describe the main characters: Aylmer, Georgiana and Aminadab. What is important to each? Point of View: In which point of view (first- or third-person) is each piece told? If the point of view in â€Å"Battle Royal† was changed, would it have made the story more effective, or less so? Symbolism: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Analyze the deeper meaning of the following: the â€Å"battle royal† itself, the naked blonde, and the young man’s dream at the end of the story. â€Å"The Birthmark:† What does Georgiana’s birthmark signify, first to her and then to Aylmer? What does alchemy represent in the story? Themes: What are the main themes/messages of each piece? What, in other words, do you think the authors, Ralph Ellison and Nathaniel Hawthorne, are trying to communicate about life and human nature in their respective stories? Fear: What role does fear play in both pieces? Discrimination: Both stories address physical appearance, specifically one’s  skin, and the way people may discriminate against others because of external characteristics they deem inferior. Compare and contrast how discrimination and prejudice are presented in â€Å"Battle Royal† and â€Å"The Birthmark.† Final Thoughts: Author Tim O’Brien wrote, â€Å"That’s what fiction is for. It’s for getting at the truth when the truth isn’t sufficient for the truth.† Talk about how literature might give us â€Å"truer† insights into the human experience by appealing to our senses, emotions and empathy. Describe a situation in which you or someone you know may have been discriminated against because of appearance, gender, race or another attribute. What did the experience teach you? Please submit your assignment.

Journal

Here are some of the kinds of writing I have done, In and out of school, during the past year (check all those that apply). 0 Essays about literature CLC Book reports Emails for work or to friends Journal entries Personal narratives 0 Short stories Speeches for special occasions 0 Research papers Ã'Ëœ Job applications 0 Letters for business purposes 0 Notes too teacher Summaries Persuasive essays Deflations Diary entries Descriptions 0 Songs Poems Newspaper articles 0 Letters to friends or family Ã'Ëœ Postcards 0 Thank-you notes Text messages Any others you can think of:Click here to enter text. 2. Of the items on my list, I most liked writing personal narratives and research papers because I enjoy telling personal stories and learning about new subjects. 3. I least enjoyed writing poems and speeches because writing poems isn't one of my strengths and I don't enjoy talking in front of a large group of people; especially strangers. 4. When I am given a writing assignment, I usually fo llow this process: I create a chart of my Ideas along with reasons, write a rough draft, have someone read It, I make corrections, and then I write the final draft. And overall structure. 6.I think that the area of my writing most needing work is broadening my vocabulary. 7. The types of writing that I will probably do in my college courses are persuasive, analytical, and argumentative; in my possible career, analytical and argumentative; in my personal life descriptions. 8. In the past, my experiences with writing courses have been great. 9. My writing goals for this course are to broaden my vocabulary and to learn new writing styles. 10. My thoughts and concerns as I begin this course are not knowing my grades on my papers and assignments really frightens me. Other than that, I cannot wait to begin growing as a writer. Journal Headquartered in Los Angels, California, the company offers consumers over 250 quality and affordable arsenal care products. The Product Dry. Fresh makes Bianca brand nativity fluoride toothpaste. We offer a peppermint flavor which is preferable to our target audience and offers cavity protection, fresh breath and strengthens teeth. Active ingredient is sodium nonprofessionals (0. 76%) is an nativity with a series of inactive ingredients. The Market Target market includes low income individuals, students, head of household, and elderly.The projected loss for our product in the current fiscal year is predicted $50,000 net loss. Variable costs to obtain a product and store in our warehouse is $0. 50 per unit. This variable cost cannot be reduced any further and will remain constant for the next two years regardless of volume. We have a unique advantage that our production can instantly vary to any output without increasing fixed costs or inventory costs. Our annual fixed costs are $250 ,000 annually including salaries, benefits, office supplies, warehouse space and our other product related expenses.This does not include any promotion like advertising, public relations or personal selling. Company overview Our mission is to provide innovative, high quality and affordable personal care products that exceed consumer expectations. The mission includes being the leader in the oral care category through fully understanding and addressing consumer needs. Our companies' SOOT Analysis includes our strength to offer a low price, have an effective product, and a good price to feature ratio.We offer multiple oral healthcare products which increase customer susceptibility to our product. Bianca has had previous advertising in movies, and television which help our product recognition. Our weaknesses include lack of brand recognition and are unknown, lack of features including whitening, tartar control, sensitivity and also fluoride, low promotion edged, subpart quality and we offer smaller quantities than competitors for the of our product through retailers. Company opportunities include easy sales to wholesalers because of price.We can offer to convenience stores and also vending machines to increase sales without extra cost. We also have the opportunity to advertise to dentist offices and to get support. Threats include name brand competitors, other low cost entrants, supplier power, buyer power, rivalry between other low cost competitors, and also threat of substitute products affect our business. 95% of our sales are at the price point of $1. 15 through wholesalers. The wholesalers sell to retailers, who sell our product at $1. 61 per unit.The other 5% of sales occur over the internet at $1. 49 each. We show a fixed cost of 250,000 + (. 50 per unit PVC *units). We are selling at this price and are estimated to lose $50,000 this year. In order to market this toothpaste, and achieve a goal of $50,000 profitability a year we must sell 400,000 units. In order to hit this strategic goal we must attain more market share. The overall oral healthcare market is worth 10. 9 billion. Colgate holds 52% of the overall market. HULL holds 22%. Dabber has 14% We hold . 05% with other brands with 1 1. 5%. Current market trends it indicate whitening is a strong factor in increasing sales. Market Segments We have broken our market down into the following segments: Students (Students are on tight budgets, but still need to clean their teeth effectively because their diets are typically not conducive to oral health in the first place. ) Low Income Families (Lower income families need to buy lots of toothpaste, but can't afford expensive name brands. ) Value Shoppers (Some individuals/families simply look to get the most value for their money. Each of our market segments have similar characteristics. Most of all, they are looking o get the best oral care product on a limited budget. They are typically value driven, and will buy a specific brand out of habit and convenience rather than any specific medical desires in their product. Their needs in a toothpaste include cleaning their teeth, preventing tooth decay, freshening breath, and preventing plaque and tartar build up in their mouth. Primary Target Market Our primary target market is value shoppers.Our customers in rural areas are looking for a combination of features and convenience. Customers entail value shoppers, low income shoppers, students, households, low cost value proposition. We segment through Geographic (Rural and Urban), Behavioral ( Normal use, Whitening, Complete Care), Demographic (customer type) and other methods. Company Analysis Our goals include selling the best toothpaste at the best price. Through aggressive price techniques we offer a quality product at a low price. We sell most of our product to retailers and a slim margin over the internet.Company culture includes giving employees fair chance to speak their mind and voice concerns to management. Th rough respecting catheter and fostering innovation we have been able to sell our other products very successfully. Internal strengths we have include our differentiation of products. We offer Bianca mouth freshening spray, toothbrushes, floss and other oral health products. A weakness we have internally is that we do not currently offer any whitening products, and with the current trend it is hurting our growth.Opportunities that we have include a whitening pre brush rinse solution. We also can develop mouthwash and produce different flavors of our breath freshening spray. The oral healthcare market is increasing due to people's reliance on vanity. Threats from other companies are hurting our sales due to competitor capitalization n the whitening, and feature/ luxury branding. Our low price toothpaste formula is not going to make your teeth any brighter, or remove layers of plaque that cause yellowing.Our product simply removes surface bacteria and doesn't get in deep like other com petitor products. Market share is a growing concern for us, we hold half a percent of the total market, and our competitor Colgate holds 52% of the overall market. We have a lot of room for growth inside our current market and huge incentives. Overall we are going to suffer a loss this quarter. We are going through some changes currently in our marketing ND management staff and are predicting a rise next year. We have more than adequate production methods and inventory warehousing.We anticipate being able to handle sales at a much higher volume. We are coming up with a new marketing scheme to make our product more appealing to our target market. We need to think creatively and bring in some fresh ideas and interns. Stock pence 2. 50 BASE (August 1st 2013) Competitor Analysis Our top three competitors are The Procter and Gamble Company Philips Oral Healthcare Inc I. Market position The consumer product conglomerate focused on toothpaste, toothbrushes and other oral care products. The position of the quality toothpaste could be niche or mainstream.The decision to position the new toothpaste on retail shelves is another important aspect of our sales positioning. Colgate toothpaste places the toothpaste in between one of the existing products and a competitor's product. It. Strengths – Colgate Optic white and Colgate sensitive pro- Relief toothpastes and the re launch of Colgate total toothpaste contributed to their strength in the oral care market. – Collage's strength in manual toothbrushes also continued in the U. S, driven by the success of Colgate 360 degree optic white, Colgate 360 degree Sensitive Pro- Relief ND Colgate 360 degree Surround. ‘. Weaknesses Colgate brand directly compete with P Oral-B company toothpastes which are globally known for their high functional properties, including sensitivity and teeth whitening. The company also increased its advertising expenditures by 31% in the two quarters of 2013. It has resulted in an ove rall market share gain in toothpaste and has growth from 52% in 2012 to 56% presently. Colgate has to worry about the innovative new products that could compete with their current quality toothpaste. Iii.Market Shares Colgate has been able to stay ahead of the market; it has one of the widest networks, caching 4. 5 million retail outlets in India. Collage's sustained distribution strength, coupled with product innovation and creation of sub-categories such as mouthwash and sensitive oral care have helped it drive growth aggressively. They are always coming up with new ideas to push the barrier and capture new market shares. Promoting healthier lives, improving community oral health care, expanding their current â€Å"Bright Smile, Bright Futures† program all ATA low cost.They ensure that ingredients continue to meet safety, quality and environmental compliance and biodegradability. They have also been environmentally responsible through educing the environmental impact of Col gate products and packages by 20% increasing the use of sustainable materials and recycled content. Value Chain Partners Supply chain partners consist of primarily a manufacturing company (Dry. Fresh) in India. The factory produces the toothpaste, packages the paste into tubes, and seals and prints the tubes and boxes the final product.Large shipments leave the factory by means of distribution. A distributor moves the product from the factory to Wholesalers Warehouses Shipping yards Wholesaler's mark up the product and sell the product in bulk to tillers. Wholesalers are responsible for distribution of the product after they purchase the product from the factory. Warehouses store the product until demand for the toothpaste is reached. At this point the product is removed and sold to different partners Shipping yards are usually located where a sea port meets a railroad.The trucks can drop off product for easy transportation over 1) ocean through massive commercial ships and 2) railw ay where trains transport goods efficiently 3) Trucks drop off their trailers and are easily navigated to new locations by other drivers. Once the goods are delivered to their final location it is usually at a retailer. Retailers purchase the goods from the wholesaler, offer a markup on the product and arrange the product on the shelves where it is ultimately bought by customers. When the product is sold directly over the internet a lot of the process is cut down.The internet protocol is much more simple. A supply chain partner is through the website design and maintenance teams in order to process orders and receive accurate shipping information, as well as process payment. When an order is paid for and set up for delivery, the company uses a mail company such as faded or SSP to deliver the final package to the customer. Climate Reducing global impact on the climate and environment plays an important role in associated with the manufacture and distribution of products it plays a la rge role in our manufacturing process.We try to reduce waste sent to landfills as well as request that all of our key suppliers measure and disclose the climate change information. Through the economic climate we are reducing the amount of water consumed in the manufacture and consumption of our products. Reducing the amount of water associated with our products saves a lot of money. Through working tit local and global organizations to promote access to clean water we promote water conservation awareness across the world. We reduce our environmental impact of products and packages by up to 20% by increasing the use of sustainable materials and recycled content.Social and cultural environment includes the increase of sustainability profile in our new products and in the balance of our portfolio. We ensure ingredients meet or exceed all recognized standards for safety, quality, and environmental compliance and biodegradability. Political and legal environment is included in promoting health and wellness and to reduce employee employee health risks. We have achieved a 5% reduction in costs and improvements in early diagnosis of chronic and treatable disease. We are focusing on safety to achieve the goal of zero lost time incidents.Other political impacts are the standards set to monitor our product and ensure public health. Technological environment by reducing our waste through technological upgrades we have been able to increase effectiveness and efficiency with lower waste. New methods allow for the reduction of water used in production and distributing so that we can control costs and provide the best product available. Insight driven innovation provides value added products and our marketing strategy shows that in order to ensure high standards we must have the essential technology to make it happen. Journal Proposals, persuasive messages, classroom practices Introduction: Given that students are enthusiastic about social media or even have expertise in some social media tools, the author decided to design a class project in her Writing for Careers (Business Communication) class that integrates social media in terms of content and project management.This article intends to describe such a class reject design as well as the working process; reflect on such a practice by reviewing students' feedback, examining the final products, and assessing the learning outcomes; and finally provide suggestions on how to improve this project. Methods: This article describes the project design as well as the working process and reflects on this practice by reviewing students' feedback, examining the final products, and assessing the learning outcomes.In concluding, the article provides suggestions for Improvement, Students were excited about the project because It was related to social media; however som e students were confused because they didn't understand how such a project could be related to business management. Different books, articles, websites, movies, and/or TV shows were assigned to help with the project (ex. Get Connected: The Social Networking Toolkit for Business, the Oscar-winning movie The Social Network, Conic's The Backbone Obsession, Barack Beam's Social Media Lessons for Business. Also a few articles (Tangelo, 2010: Greenland, 2010; Jones & Degree, 2011).Results: The few students who disliked social media or were very elucidate to get onto social media had an opportunity to learn something new. Those who were familiar with some social media tools learned new aspects and features. This project gave students the opportunity to practice and utilize a variety of skills: critical thinking, problem solving, audience analysis, persuasion, and document design. The process-based teaching enhanced their understanding and application of what they learned in class and also made it possible to customize the teaching. Discussion: Throughout the project several social media tools were discussed.Students were challenged to communicate not only their mastery of digital communication skills, especially social media skills, but also their understanding of the potential for using these skills in professional settings to target audience. In addition they had to demonstrate their rhetorical skills In persuading their audience in considering or adopting social media. This example of client-based, student- centered learning empowered students and increased student autonomy. Criticism: the goal of the project even after repeated instructor explanations.Their overconfidence and overestimation of their own social media skills also hindered their completion of the project satisfactorily. Instead of figuring out what the business or organization needs to communicate constantly and effectively with their customers, these students insisted on getting the opinion of the teacher or the client had to tell them what to do. These students spent time creating a profile page instead of Justifying why they had selected that particular social media tool. During the project; time was spent teaching social media tools, especially the ones students that lacked familiarity with social media. Journal The Picture for Men: Superhero or Slacker, Stefan Bach's The Fall of the Female Protagonist in Kid's Movies and Amanda Marmoset's The Shocking Radicalism of Brave all expresses a tone of opposition to the Issue of gender gap. They specifically focus on the media especially In movies and cartoons where men are most times the prevailing character and superheroes while women are helpmates and trophies to be won by them.This is an obvious trend and I indisputably agree with this resentment. Sesame Panda in his article mentions that â€Å"The attributes that are most valuable today-social intelligence, open communication, the ability to sit still and focus-are, at a minimum, not predominantly male. † (Panda, 201). He also mentions that â€Å"boys who remained close to their mothers, siblings, and peers did not act as tough or shut down emotionally.However, close relationships tit fathers encouraged greater autonomy and detachment from friendships. † This shows that the fathe rs of these boys have been brought up in a like manner and always has been a trend In the past. Society teaches girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. Girls are allowed to have ambition and aim to be successful but not too successful otherwise the men will be threatened. Does the society actually see women as a lesser Identity?If boys are taught to be tough, autonomous and stoic, what role would the girls play? Maids, perhaps. Also, Stefan Bach's article throws more light to the devastating issue of gender gap. She considers the role of female protagonists in animated children's films. Using Disney and Paxar as a case study, she fairly criticizes Disney films for being sexist and mentions that â€Å"A pretty big percentage of the female leads in Disney musicals seem to have only one goal- to get Journal Save your journal entry as a Microsoft Word file and submit it using the appropriate link in the Session 2 folder. Follow all the directions, adhere to the rules of Standard Written English, and submit by the deadline. 1 . Contrasts can evoke strong emotions and images in creative writing. Re- read Yeses Gunnysack's poem â€Å"Facing It† (page 42). Make note of the ways Communally contrasts ideas and images: white and black, night and morning stone and flesh, solid and air, movement and stasis, reality and reflection, cast and present.These contrasts create a sense of confusion and tension. Write two paragraphs of your own in which you describe a brief fictional scene that is full Of contrasts. Make the contrasts meaningful to the character in your scene. 2. A stanza is a group of lines in poetry. (Billy Collins' poem â€Å"Snow Day' on page 41 is eight five-line stanzas, for example. ) Write a poem of three-line stanzas that follows this pattern: The first line consists of a n abstraction, plus a verb, plus a place; the second line describes attire; and the third line of each Tanta summarizes an action.Let it flow. Each stanza should make sense by itself; all together the poem does not have to make absolute sense. See the examples on page 24 of Imaginative Writing. Your completed poem should be at least eight stanzas. 3. Quickly list as many clickd metaphors as you can think of: the path of life, eyes like pools, crazy as a bedbug, nose to the grindstone, and so forth. Provide the list. Then switch half a dozen of the comparisons: eyes like bedbugs, nose to the path, the grindstone of life. Then, write a brief poem (at

Discussion Board 4-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board 4-2 - Assignment Example Marketers of the drug continue to pass insufficient and misleading information to the potential consumers and even failing to warn that overdose of the drugs can suppress breathing and lead to death (Hart & Ksir, 2011). To achieve effectiveness, marketers of Ambien and Lunesta should sensitize consumers that high dose of short-acting drugs cannot substitute the long-acting barbiturate drugs. The general effect of the approach used in marketing Ambien and Lunesta relates to consumers perceiving the drugs as only sleep inducers (Hart & Ksir, 2011). Many distressed individuals have resorted into using the drugs especially when they cannot sleep. The marketing approach that depicts the drugs as good for causing sleep has made societies across the world overrate the benefits of the drugs. Instead of seeking to handle social issues amicably and soberly, people tend to take short-cuts through the use of Lunesta and Ambien that can quickly drive one into sleep. In addition, the marketing of Ambien and Lunesta as less likely to cause dependency has seen increased preference of the drugs among

Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revolution - Essay Example The damage rested in the people's faith that the government could carry out economic policy. Specifically in the context of the government being able to do this without manipulation. During this time a remarkable suggestion of the replacement of adaptive expectations by rational expectations was the "Lucas Critique," This critique illustrated that expectation parameters, and endogenous variable dynamics, depend on policy parameters. (Muth p. 315) The presentation and discussion of this critique is taken into consideration for purposes of this discussion from the vantage point of the issue. The issue for this discussion is the issue of bounded rationality, where for transparency it is modeled to bounded rationality by means of simple adaptive expectations. The examination of this critique will illustrate that for a range of processes, monetary policy remains subject to the Lucas critique. (Cooley p 64) Nonetheless, "there are also regimes in which the expectation The adaptive expectations hypothesis was introduced by Cagan (1956) and Friedman (1957) as a plausible and empirically meaningful approach to modeling expectations of future variables in a world of uncertainty. "Their apparent empirical success led to widespread utilization of the adaptive expectations hypothesis before it was ultimately swept away by the rational expectation revolution, initiated by Muth (1961) and advanced by Lucas (1976) and Sargent and Wallace (1975). Rational expectations has the great advantage of providing optimal expectations; under the standard of optimality, adaptive expectations suffers by comparison and should be rejected. (Cooley 1973) One of the most salient implications of rational expectations is the critique of traditional policy making presented in Lucas (1976). The traditional theory of economic policy is characterized as treating the time series process followed by the economy as fixed and invariant with respect to exogenous changes in policy. Under rational expectations, however, the forecast or expectation (Muth 1973) rule will be affected by policy changes and, if the economy is in turn affected by expectations, these will alter the time series process followed by the economy. Lucas provided examples of this phenomenon based on prominent macroeconomic models. Our objective here is to reconsider the Lucas critique in the context of adaptive expectations. The starting point of our argument is Muth (1960). In that paper Muth showed that adaptive expectations, with an appropriate adaptation parameter, are fully rational if the variable being forecasted follows an exogenous IMA(1,1) stochastic process, i.e. if the first difference of the variable is a first-order moving average process. Rational expectations, however, assumes that the true process generating the data is known, an assumption that many feel to be implausibly strong. Recently Evans and Honkapohja (1993, 2001) and Sargent (1999) have argued that adaptive expectations may be a reasonable, if not fully rational, forecast method when the true process is unknown. Economic Structure: We consider a simple macroeconomic model, inspired by Lucas (1973) and Fischer (1977), in which aggregate output is affected by unanticipated price level changes. Let aggregate supply be specified as follows: qt = (pt pe t ), (1) where qt and pt

Global Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Operations Management - Essay Example 2) The organization identity must be aligned with the business structure the company chooses to implement. The expansion project can be set up using different managerial structures including centralized, decentralized, and matrix structures. Assuming that the company wants to start small with an emphasis on a specific project my recommendation is for the firm to use a matrix organization structure. â€Å"Matrix organizations are often set up to make organizations more flexible, to break down the old functions or geographic â€Å"silos† and encourage more cooperation across the business† (Global-integration, 2012). 3) There are plenty of legal factors that must be considered when expanding to a foreign country. The firm has to evaluate the environmental laws of the country. Secondly the company must study and carefully analyze the labor laws. A good strategy is to hire a human resource manager from the native country. The tax code of the country must be followed to maintain good relations with the government. A fourth legal consideration is local laws relating to the relationship between a manufacturer and local agents or distributors (Kentuckianabusinessforum, 2012). Kentuckianabusinessforum.com (2012). Legal Considerations in Operating in Foreign Markets. Retrieved February 17, 2012 from